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Anatomy & Physiology I > Exam 2- Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nerve tissue
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2
Q

Two main types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelia

2. Glandular epithelia

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3
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue cells

A
  1. Cells have polarity
    - May bare microvilli or cilia (trachea)
    - Noncellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen lie adjacent to the basal surface
  2. Are composed of closely packed cells
    - continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes.
  3. Supported by connective tissue reticular lamina
  4. Avascular but innervated
  5. High rate of regeneration
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4
Q

Epithelium accomplished many functions, what are they?

A
  1. protection
  2. absorption
  3. filtration
  4. excretion
  5. secretion
  6. sensory reception
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5
Q

All epithelia have two kinds of surfaces. What are they?

A

Apical- exposed to exterior ( microvilli, cilia)

Basal- Exposed to internal organs (glycoproteins, collagen), acts as a filter, repairs wounds

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6
Q

The tight junctions and desmosomes of the specialized cell in the epithelium do what?

A

help keep proT in the apical region from diffusing into the basal region, thus maintaining polarity.

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7
Q

Deep into the basal lamina is the

A

reticular lamina

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8
Q

A layer of extracellular material containing a dine network of collagen protein fibers that belong to the underlying connective tissue

A

Reticular lamina

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9
Q

The reticular lamina and the basal lamina form the

A

basement membrane

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10
Q

helps stretching and tearing and defines the epithelial boundary

A

Basement membrane

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11
Q

consists of a single cell layer. They are typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and thin epithelial barrier is desirable

A

simple epithelia

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12
Q

composed of two or more cell later stacked on top of each other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth

A

stratified epithelia

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13
Q

flattened and scalelike

A

squamous cells

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14
Q

boxlike and approximately as tall as they are wide

A

cuboidal cells

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15
Q

are tall and column shaped

A

columnar cells

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16
Q

this epithelia is mostly concerned with absorption and secretion, because they are single layered and very thin, protection is not one of their specialties

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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17
Q

Resemble a tiled floor because the cells are flattened laterally and disk shaped ( sometimes resemble fired eggs)

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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18
Q

because it is thin and permeable it is often found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority. ex/ kidneys and lungs

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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19
Q

provides slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system-blood vessels and heart

A

Endothelium ( inner covering)

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20
Q

is the epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

A

Mesothelium (middle covering)

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21
Q

consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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22
Q

important function is secretion and absorption

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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23
Q

forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and of many kidney tubules

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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24
Q

a single layer of tall closely packed cells aligned like soldiers in a row.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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25
lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum
Simple columnar epithelium
26
The Simple columnar epithelium has to distinct modifications that make it ideal for secretion and absorption
1) Dense microvilli on the apical surface of absorptive cells 2) Tubular glands made primarily of cells that secrete mucus- containing intestinal juice
27
vary in height, all of its cells rest on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
28
Gives a false impression that many layers are present
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
29
A ciliated version containing mucas-secreting cells line more of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
30
contain two or more cell layers and regenerate from below
Stratified epithelia
31
The most widespread epithelia
Stratified squamous epithelia
32
Found in areas subjected to wear and tear
Stratified squamous epithelia
33
Forms the external part of the skin and extends a short distance into every body opening
Stratified squamous epithelia
34
The outer layer contains keratin
Stratified squamous epithelia
35
Quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some larger glands (sweat, mammary). Typically had two layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
36
Has limited distribution in the body. Small amounts are found in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
Stratified columnar epithelium
37
forms the lining of the hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine
Transitional epithelium
38
scattered within epithelial sheets.
unicellular glands
39
form by invagination of epithelial sheet into the underlying connective tissue
multicellular glands
40
often called ductless glands because they eventually lose their ducts
Endocrine glands
41
produce hormones, messenger chemicals they secrete by exocytosis directly into extracellular space
Endocrine glands
42
Secrete their products onto body surfaces or in body cavities
Exocrine glands
43
The unicellular exocrine glands secrete by _____ while the multicellular glads do so via an ______________ that transports the secretion to the surface
exocytosis | epithelium walled duct
44
Are diverse and many of their products are familiar ( mucous, sweat, oil, and salvary glands)
Exocrine glands
45
mucous cells and goblet cells
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
46
Structurally more complex and have two basic parts: epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit
Multicellular exocrine glands
47
supportive connective tissue surrounds the secretory unit and supplies it with blood vessels and nerve fibers
Multicellular exocrine glands
48
Secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced. They are not altered in anyway (pancreas, sweat and salivary glands)
Merocrine glands- MEG
49
Accumulate their products within them until they rupture ( replaced by underlying cells) ex/ sebaceous glands
Holocrine glands
50
the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues
Connective tissue
51
Four types of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood
52
Functions of connective tissue
1. Binding and supporting 2. protecting 3. insulating 4. storing reserve fuel 5. transporting
53
Common tissue of orgion in connective tissue
mesenchyme
54
Characteristics of connective tisse
Mesenchyme as common tissue Varying degrees of vascularity Cells separated by nonliving extracelluar matrix
55
the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. Medium through which solutes between blood and capillaries capillaries and cells
Ground substance
56
Components of Ground substance
Interstitial fluid Adhesion proteins Proteoglycans
57
Three types of fibers are found in connective tissue matrix
1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular
58
Because their fibrils crosslink, they are extremely tough and provide high tinsel strength
Collagen fibers
59
long thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix
Elastic fibers (skin, lungs, blood vessel walls)
60
short fine, collagenous fibers with a slightly different chemistry form. Form reticuli networks that surround small blood vessels and suport the soft organs
Reticular fibers
61
Loose connective tissue proper includes
areolar, adipose and reticular
62
because of its loose nature, it provides a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding body tissues always holding as much fluid as entire blood streams
Areolar connective tissue
63
soaks up excess fluids like a sponge, the area becomes swelled causing in endema
Areolar connective tissue
64
serves as a universal packing material between other tissues
Areolar connective tissue
65
contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull with great resistance to tension
Dense regular connective tissue
66
forms tension, ligaments, fascia
Dense regular connective tissue
67
Bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and theya re arranged irregularly. They run more in one plane
Dense irregular connective tissue
68
Found in the skin as the leathery dermis and forms fibrous joint capsules and fibrous coverings that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves)
Dense irregular connective tissue
69
The predominant cell type growing in cartilage
Chondroblasts
70
Lacks nerve fibers and is avascular
Cartilage
71
Three varieties of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage 2. elastic cartilage 3. fibrocartilage
72
The most abundant cartilage in the bodt
Hyaline
73
Has an exceptional ability to support and protect the body
Bone tissue
74
Highly cellular, well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement
Muscle tissues
75
an organ system consisting of keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium firmly attached to a think layer of connective tissue
Cutaneous membrane
76
Line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracrs
Mucous Membranes
77
moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
Seros membranes

Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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