Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Exam 2. Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2. Chapter 4 Flashcards

Exam 2 Prokaryotic cell Viruses Helminths (55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Characteristics of Cell life

A 
Heredity
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Transport of Nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Living cells parts

A

Cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane
DNA chromosomes
Ribosomes
Metabolic capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Appendages

A

Motility: flagella and axial filaments
Attachment: fimbriae and pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

External structures

A

Flagella
Fimbriae
Pili
Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Envelope

A

Cell wall

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inside the Cell

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Cytoskeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Flagella

A

Filament
Hook
Basal body: how the flagella attach to the cell membrane. The rings at the basal body attach to the cell membrane, through the cell wall. (L-ring, peptidoglycan) and cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single flagellum at one end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Small tuft from the same site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella all over the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amphilophotrichous

A

Tufts at both ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Periplasmic Flagella

axial filaments

A

Internal flagella in periplasmic flagella
very specific
Only associated with spirochete bacteria with a flexible cell wall
Syphilis, Lyme, Leptospirosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine hair-like bristles
Functions as attachment and protection
Virulence factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pili

A

Rigid tubular structure made of protein

Functions to join cells for DNA transfer called conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glycocalyx

A

External coatings of cell wall made of sugars and proteins.
Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
Attachment during the formation of biofilms as the EPS (extra polymeric substance) hardens
Inhibits killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, adding to the pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Slime Layer

A

All organisms have this

Loosely organized and attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Capsule

A

Highly organized, tightly attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glycocalyx types

A

Slime layer

Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

EPS

A

Extra Polymeric Substance
hardens to form biofilms
makes it difficult to penetrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cell Envelope

A 
External coverings outside the cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane 
S-layer
It maintains cell integrity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gram-Positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan and cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gram Negative

Study These Flashcards
A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer cell membrane and inner cell membrane.

24
Q

Peptidoglycan

Study These Flashcards
A 
Unique molecule
Only found in bacteria
Primary component 
Highly structured
NAM, NAG, DAP
Without this, it will be difficult to maintain shape
25
NAM NAG DAP and antibiotics
NAM: N-acetyl muramic acid NAG: N-acetyl glucosamine acid They come together forming a latticework creating the peptidoglycan molecule They are held by bridges held together by DAP Helpful to have an antibiotic that targets a molecule that is only found in bacteria. Penicillin resembles DAP and bacteria cell will take it in and cause it to have a weak cell wall. Organisms are now subject to lysis from changes in osmotic pressure. Very useful with Gram +
26
Gram + cell wall
Mostly peptidoglycan | Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid
27
Gram - cell wall
``` Thin peptidoglycan layer Two periplasmic space Outer membrane LPS Porin proteins in the upper layer to regulate in/out molecules ```
28
LPS
Lipopolysaccharides Endotoxin May become toxic when releases during infections A bacteriocidal antibiotic will kill all cells and now we can go into shock from all those endotoxins being released into our body. Bacteriostatic might be better, it won't kill it but it will prevent it from growing
29
Mycoplasmas | non-typical cell walls
Don't have a cell wall Mycoplasma pneumonie: walking pneumonia Cell membrane stabilized by sterols (cholesterol) Pleomorphic (irregular shape)
30
Non-typical cell walls
``` Some lost their cell wall For example, penicillin caused cell walls to fail but they still continue to grow. L-form Spheroplasts Protoplast ```
31
Mycobacterium
Gram + cell structure and has a lipid mycolic acid Acid Fast needed to diagnose Pathogenicity and a high degree of resistance to certain chemicals and dyes.
32
L-form irregular cell wall
L = Lister the Lister institute that found these organisms | It can continue to undergo binary fission and function and continue as if it was normal
33
Protoplast
2 meanings - when talking just about the cell envelope omitting the cell wall - In this case, an actual bacteria that normally have a cell wall but lost it
34
S-layer
Found in both Gram+ and Gram- A self-assembling highly structured layer of protein Common in Archaea since they don't have peptidoglycan Sometimes this is the only structure in Archaea
35
S-layer
Found in both Gram+ (outside of peptidoglycan) and Gram- (Outside of LPS) A self-assembling highly structured layer of protein Common in Archaea since they don't have peptidoglycan Sometimes this is the only structure in Archaea
36
Cytoplasm
A dense gel-like solution of sugar, amino, and salts 70-80% water Serves as a solvent for materials used in the cell
37
Chromosome
Single, circular double-stranded DNA | Contains all genetic information
38
Plasmids
Free small circular, double-stranded DNA Extrachromosomal (not part of it) Not essential for growth or metabolism Can provide significant advantages to survival in adverse environments Influences metabolic diversity, antibiotic resistance usually found here Virulence factors influence Can move in and out from chromosome (epesome)
39
Nucleoid
Chromosomes: single, double-stranded circular DNA that contains all genetic info. Highly coiled
40
Ribosomes
RNA and protein The site of protein synthesis 70s
41
Inclusions and Granules
Intracellular bodies | Bacteria can use them when environmental sources are depleted
42
Inclusions and Granules
Intracellular bodies Bacteria can use them when environmental sources are depleted Could have waste products Very specific to specific bacteria
43
Cytoskeleton
Recently found, it was though that peptidoglycan was the only structural part Similar to Eukaryotes Actin filaments common Help with structure Peptidoglycan will still be more abundant
44
Order of layer in endospores
Core Cortex Spore Coats Exosporium
45
Endospores
Other than prions, the most resistant structure Hand sanitizer won't work, only water and soap to remove them Anthrax, food illnesses, Bacillus species
46
Diseases related to endospores
Clostridium tetani, botulinum, Anthrax, gangrene pathogens that are serious and fatal endospores make it difficult to treat
47
Reasons for Survivability of endospores
All the layers may add extra protection Calcium takes the place of water so it's dehydrated remaining inactive. Since it has no water many environments are less harmful. Like high heat, won't damage the endospore the way it would a regular cell. Depicolinic acid combines with Calcium and it adds resistant characteristics Small acid-soluble proteins increase and help condense and protect DNA Resistant to boiling and ordinary cleaning methods
48
Exosporium
Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
49
Spore Coat
Thin protein layers of heavily cross-linked coat proteins
50
Outer Membrane
Unknown
51
Cortex
Peptidoglycan
52
Core
DNA, RNA, ribosomes, essential enzymes
53
Pleomorphism
Irregular shape | Variation in cell shape and size
54
Palisades
A form of pleomorphism | Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum
55
Archaea vs Bacteria
Archaea do not have peptidoglycan Flagella is thinner in Archaea Archaea has Cannulae and Hami Is very rare for Archaea to have capsule or slime layers while most bacteria do Archaea shares 3 RNA sequences with Eukarya when bacteria only shares 1 Their cell membrane is monolayer unlike bacteria which have a monolayer Their ribosomes are 70s like bacteria, however, the structure is different

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions