Exam 2. Chapter 7

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

Required in large quantities

Proteins and carbs

Question 2

Micronutrients

Answer 2

Required in small amounts
Trace elements
organic or inorganic
Manganese, Zinc, Nickel, Copper

Question 3

Organic nutrients

Answer 3

Contain carbon and hydrogen

Carbs, lipids, proteins, methane, nucleic acids

Question 4

Inorganic nutrients

Answer 4

Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

metals, salts, gases, and water

Question 5

Growth Factors

Answer 5

Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the organism
Must be provided as a nutrient
essential amino, vitamins
things that specific organisms might need

Question 6

Heterotroph

Answer 6

must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms as proteins, carbs, lipids

Question 7

Autotroph

Answer 7

An organism that uses CO2 an inorganic gas as its carbon source

Question 8

Chemotroph

Answer 8

gain energy from the breakdown of chemical compounds

Question 9

Phototrophs

Answer 9

gain energy through photosynthesys

Question 10

Photoautotrophs

Answer 10

Eukaryote
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Euglena

Question 11

Chemoautotroph

Answer 11

survive totally on inorganic substances
only in bacteria
methanogens

Question 12

Methanogens

Answer 12

Archaea

produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions

Question 13

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 13

eukaryote
saprobe
parasites

Question 14

Photoheterotroph

Answer 14

bacteria or archaea only

sunlight or organic matter

Question 15

Active/passive transport

Answer 15

Same as eukaryote cell

Question 16

Barometric pressure

Barophiles

Answer 16

Survive at really high pressure
at the bottom of the ocean
can’t survive when they come up and exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

Question 17

Mesophiles

Answer 17

pathogens will usually be mesophiles because that is body temperature
The bottom of ocean organisms would probably not be able ti thrive in our body.

Question 18

Capnophile

Answer 18

Need CO2
grows best at high carbon dioxide
many pathogens need CO2

Question 19

Mutualisms

Answer 19

Obligatory
both are dependent on each other for survival
both are benefiting
bacteria in our gut

Question 20

Commensalism

Answer 20

Commensal member benefits
other membrane neither harmed or benefited
could change because just them being there prevents other orgsanisms from having space to grow. that is helping us to avoid pathogens

Question 21

SPONCH

Answer 21

Sulfur
Phosphorous
Oxygen
NItrogen
Carnon
Hydrogen

Question 22

Biofilm

Answer 22

Form extra polymeric substances put a coating to their outside. it protects them

Question 23

Quorum sensing

Answer 23

bacteria communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms

Question 24

Binary fission

Answer 24

parent cells enlarges
duplicate its chromosomes
forms a central transverse septum dividing the cell into two daughter cells

Question 25

Binary fission

Answer 25

parent cells enlarge & duplicate its chromosomes | forms a septum dividing the cell into two daughter cells

Question 26

Generation time

Answer 26

The minimum amount of time to grow doubling time as short as 20 minutes from minutes to days

Question 27

Exponential growth

Answer 27

Each new fission cycle increases by a factor of 2

Question 28

Population growth curve

Answer 28

population display a predictable pattern over time

Question 29

Lag phase

Answer 29

The flat period of adjustment enlargement, little or no grow length depends on conditions of bacteria and environment depends on media, longer or shorter period If we were testing for intestinal organisms (coliform) How happy are intestinal organisms in cold water that were tested in? what if we put them in a harsh media? incubated at a different temperature? EMB? Organisms can get bigger in size because it's getting ready to undergo binary fission

Question 30

Exponential growth phase

Answer 30

Doubling, everything is doubling generation time transformation happens here continues as long as adequate nutrients

Question 31

Stationary phase

Answer 31

``` Build up of waste product running out of nutrients No increase in numbers some bacteria die and release nutrients which allows others to grow growth=death ```

Question 32

Death phase

Answer 32

``` A lot more waste build up, 02 is too low endospores forming Mutation organisms that can survive in this environment so, a number of organisms will survive ```

Question 33

Viable but not culturable

Answer 33

We should use injury recovering techniques to get these organisms to grow It is still alive but they won't grow injured organisms we aren't expecting many of these in milk since milk is a friendly environment If we put them in a different environment they might grow

Question 34

Coliforms

Answer 34

Gram-, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe, rods, ferment lactose with the presence of gas We test milk for this because it indicates there are feces in the milk, meaning there could be other stuff intestinal organisms

Question 35

Survival phase

Answer 35

Genetically different organisms endospore-forming viable but not culturable