Exam 2(chapters 7-12)

Question 1

Social stratification

Answer 1

layers; systematic ranking of different groups in a hierarchy

Question 2

class

Answer 2

open stratification system. a persons economic position in society associated with income, wealth and occupation. Economically based.

Question 3

caste

Answer 3

closed stratification system. social levels are closed. an individual remains in the social level of birth all their life

Question 4

social class mobility

Answer 4

individual can change his or her socioeconomic position

Question 5

achieved status

Answer 5

something a person achieves through effort or lack of effort

Question 6

ascribed status

Answer 6

socially significant. Cannot alter. ex) race, gender, etc.

Question 7

income

Answer 7

amount of money a person earns in a given period of time. earned most commonly at a job and less commonly through investments. can come from gov’t transfers(social security/disability)

Question 8

wealth

Answer 8

net worth. It is the value of everything a person owns minus the value of everythign they owe. wealth is more important higher up the income ladder.

Question 9

meritocracy

Answer 9

a society in which personal success is based on talent and individual effort. so your position in the stratification system depends primarily on your talents and efforts.
society benefits because the positions are occupied by the best qualified indis

Question 10

social class categories in the US

Answer 10

teardrop model. bottom is underclass, next is working poor and working class. after that is the middle class and then is the upoer or capitalist class.

Question 11

underclass

Answer 11

the bottom category a class of unemployed, unemployables, and underemployed. Hopelessly set apart from the nation at large

Question 12

working class/poor

Answer 12

below the median household income. people who perform manual labor or work in low wage sectors like fod service and retail jobs

Question 13

middle class

Answer 13

those who provide skilled services of some kind and work for someone else.

Question 14

capitalist class

Answer 14

upper class. those who own or exercise substrantial financial control over large businesses, financial institutions or factories. smallest of the categories, and consists of those whose wealth adn income are dramatically greater than the rest of the population.

Question 15

income vs wealth

Answer 15

Wealth is built up over a lifetime and passed down to the next generation, unlike income. wealth is used to create new opportunities while income pays for routine expenditures

Question 16

upper middle income

Answer 16

14% at 80 thousand per year

Question 17

middle income

Answer 17

30% about 45 thousand per year

Question 18

capitalist class income

Answer 18

top 1% make about 1.5 million a year

Question 19

working class income

Answer 19

30% about 30 thousand a year

Question 20

working poor income

Answer 20

13% about 20 thousand a year

Question 21

underclass income

Answer 21

bottom 13% about 10 thousand a year

Question 22

power

Answer 22

the ability to exercise influence on political institutions and actors in order to realize personal or group interests.

Question 23

status

Answer 23

the prestige associated with social position

Question 24

The functionalism perspective on stratification

Answer 24

stratification is functional for society as a whole

Question 25

social conflict perspective on stratification

Answer 25

inequality weakens society as a whole and exists because it benefits those higher up. inequality is dysfuctional becasue it keeps power in the hands of few instead of giving equal opportunity for all.

Question 26

milllennium development goals

Answer 26

it showed that poverty rates had been halved and about 700 million fewer people lived in extreme poverty. Subsaharan africa was the only region that this number increased

Question 27

global inequality

Answer 27

systematic disparities in income, wealth, health, education, access to tech, opportunity, and power among countries, communities, and households around the world

Question 28

infant mortality rate

Answer 28

the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1 thousand live births per year. Gives insight to health status of populations. Most developed countries are around 5 and less developed countries at 44 and least developed counties at 66

Question 29

different theories on global inequality

Answer 29

world systems, dependency, modernization

Question 30

world systems theory

Answer 30

``` conflict. argues that the global capitalist economic system has long been shaped by a few powerful economic actors, who have constructed it in a way that facors their class interests, ```

Question 31

dependency theory

Answer 31

conflict. argues that the poverty of some countries is a consequence of their exploitation by wealthy states, which control the global capitalist system

Question 32

modernization theory

Answer 32

functionalist Market oriented development theory. Asks not why some countries are poor, but why some countries are rich. affluent states have modern institions markets and worldviews.

Question 33

GNI-PPI

Answer 33

gross national income- purchasing power parity per capita. a comparitive economic measure that uses international dollars to indicate the amount of goods and services someone could buy in the US with a given amount of money

Question 34

High GNI-PPI

Answer 34

US, Canada, Norway, Switzerland, Japan. ranges from about 35 thousand to 65 thousand

Question 35

Low GNI-PPI

Answer 35

Nicaragua, Kenya. less than 5 thousand

Question 36

Middle GNI-PPI

Answer 36

South Korea, Estonia, Turkey, Brazil. Ranging from 10 thousand to 30 thousand.

Question 37

world systems theory: core countries

Answer 37

the economically advanced, technologivally sophisticated and home to well educated skilled population. they control the majority of the worlds wealth adn reap the greatest benefits from world economic order (like trade). inclues US, Canada, the states of Western and Northern Europe, and Japan

Question 38

world systems theory: peripheral countries

Answer 38

low national incomes and low levels of technological and industrial development. Many still depend on agriculture. includes parts of Central and Latin america, asia and sub saharan africa states

Question 39

World systems theory: semiperipheral states

Answer 39

shares characteristics with core and peripheral states. | China, India, Brazil.

Question 40

race

Answer 40

a group of people who share a set of physical characteristics deemed by society to be socially significant

Question 41

ethnicity

Answer 41

characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, and cultural and religious practices.

Question 42

minority

Answer 42

less powerful groups who are diminated politcally and economically by a more powerful group adn oftern who experience discrimination on the basis of charachteristics deemed by the majority to be socially significant

Question 43

conflict theory and racism

Answer 43

racism has provided benefits for some more poweful groups in society.

Question 44

functionalist theory and racism

Answer 44

social groups held together by characteristics like language and culture (mechanical solidarity) is more durable than those held together by organic solidarity (economic interdependence)

Question 45

interactionist theory and racism

Answer 45

mixed contacts are shaped by the presence of stigma, which influences the way each social interaction unfolds.

Question 46

expulsion

Answer 46

the process of forcibly removing people from one part of the country. like the native americans

Question 47

segregation

Answer 47

the practice of seperating people spatially or socially on the basis of race or ethnicity

Question 48

assimilation

Answer 48

absorption into the dominant culture (like a melting pot)

Question 49

cultural pluralism

Answer 49

the coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups is characterized by acceptance of oe anothers differences. (like a salad bowl)

Question 50

genocide

Answer 50

the mass systematic destructin of a people or a nation

Question 51

prejudice

Answer 51

a belief about an individual or a group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence.

Question 52

discrimination

Answer 52

the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group. often targeted and intentional

Question 53

stereotyping

Answer 53

the generalization of a set of characteristics to all members of a group

Question 54

individual discrimination

Answer 54

over and intentional unequal treatment often based on prejudicial beliefs.

Question 55

institutionalized discrimination

Answer 55

discrimination enshrined in law, public policy or common practice- it is unequal treatment that has become part of the routine operation of major social institutions like businesses schools hospitals and the government.

Question 56

sex

Answer 56

the anatomical and other biological differences between males and females that originate in human genes

Question 57

gender

Answer 57

the norms, roles, and behavioral characteristics associated in a given society with being male or female.

Question 58

gender roles

Answer 58

the attitudes and behaviors considered appropriately masculine or feminine in a particular culture

Question 59

socialization

Answer 59

by families, school

Question 60

family

Answer 60

kids learn alot about socially normative gender roles from their families. the home is a "factory of gendered personalities"

Question 61

patriarchy

Answer 61

any set of social relationships in which men dominate women

Question 62

second shift

Answer 62

the unpaid housework women typically do after they come home from their paid employment

Question 63

gender wage gap

Answer 63

the difference between the earnings of women who work full time year round as a group and those of men in the same conditions

Question 64

glass ceiling

Answer 64

an artificial boundary that allows people to see the next occupational leven even as structural obstacles keep them from reaching it

Question 65

hidden curriculum

Answer 65

the unspoken socialization to norms values and roles.

Question 66

title IX

Answer 66

associated with increasing equity in womens access to collegiate althetic opportunities

Question 67

feminism

Answer 67

the belief that social equality should exist between the sexes

Question 68

matrix of domination

Answer 68

a system of social positions in which any individual may concurrently occupy a status as a member of a dominated group and a status as a member of a dominating gorup

Question 69

brown v board of education

Answer 69

1954 | ruled that laws segregating public schools were unconstitutional.

Question 70

plessy v ferguson

Answer 70

1896 | us court upheld the states right to segregate public accommodations as long as they were seperate but equal

Question 71

liberal feminism

Answer 71

womens inequality is primarily the result of imperfect institutions, which can be corrected by reforms that do not fundamentally alter society itself

Question 72

socialist feminism

Answer 72

womens inequality is the result of the combination of capitalistic economic relations and male domination, arguing that both must be fundamentally transformed before women can achieve equality

Question 73

radical feminism

Answer 73

women's inequality underlies all other forms of inequality

Question 74

multicultural feminism

Answer 74

aims to understand and end inequality for all women regardless fo race, class, nationality, age, sexual orientation, physical ability, or other characteristics

Question 75

third wave feminism

Answer 75

emerged in the early 1990s. response to some shortcoming of second wave feminism. while they paid significant attention to issues like gender violence and rape they also argue that any issue a feminist finds important can and should be talked about

Question 76

family

Answer 76

two or more individuals who identify themselves as being related to one another, usually by blood, marriage or adoption, and who share intimate relationships and dependency

Question 77

monogamy

Answer 77

a form of marriage in which a person may have only one spouse at a time

Question 78

polygamy

Answer 78

a form of marriage in which a person may have more than one spouse at a time

Question 79

polygyny

Answer 79

a form of marriage in whcih a man may have multiple wives

Question 80

polyandry

Answer 80

where a woman is permitted to have multiple husbands

Question 81

antimiscegenation laws

Answer 81

laws prohibiting interracial sexual relations and marriage

Question 82

endogamy

Answer 82

marriages are limited to partners who are members of the same social group or caste

Question 83

extended family

Answer 83

social groups consisting of on e or more parents, children, adn other kin, often spanning several generations, living in the same household.

Question 84

nuclear family

Answer 84

families characterized by parents living with their biological children and apart from other kin

Question 85

functionalist theory on family

Answer 85

family serves the function of primary socialization. nuclear family functioned to support adult family members emotionally (personality stabilization)

Question 86

conflict theory on family

Answer 86

how it might produce and reproduce inequality. how family has reflected a conflict orientatino in its efforts to unpack and understand the family as a potential site of both positive support and unequal power. His and her marriage lables

Question 87

feminist theory on family

Answer 87

how girls learn from their mothers and vice versa.

Question 88

data on marriage and divorce

Answer 88

the age of first marriage has risen. | divorce has leveled off but is still high.

Question 89

data on living situations and household composition

Answer 89

lower rates of marriage and higher rates of non marital births are present in the working class and poor.

Question 90

data on college enrollment

Answer 90

70%

Question 91

data on college completion

Answer 91

57%

Question 92

conflict theory on education

Answer 92

``` it reptoduces rather than reduces social stratifiction and rather than ensuring that the best people train for jobs it ensures the discovery of talent will be limited. poor and working class kids have fewer opportunities becasue unequal access to education. ```

Question 93

funtionalist theory on education

Answer 93

one function of mass education is to address the problem of weakened social ties by socializing members into norms and values necessary to produce and maintain social solidarity. also socializing people in norms... fo survive and thrive. manifest (intended) functions include transmission of general knowledge and skills needed in society and economy. latent (unintended) functions are social norms and values.

Question 94

interactionist theory on education

Answer 94

whats that schools affect students self images. ways to label students.

Question 95

word poverty

Answer 95

the impoverished language environments in which some children grow up. the fewer words that were spoken to a child, the fewer they could use

Question 96

credential society

Answer 96

one in which access to desirable jobs and social status depends on the possession of a certificate or diploma certifying the completion of formal education