Exam 3

Question 1

Religion

Answer 1

A system of common beliefs and rituals centered on sacred things that unites believers and provides a sense of meaning and purpsoe

Question 2

Durkeim’s sacred

Answer 2

the part of the world which is set apart from the ordinary, the sphere endowed with spiritual meaning.

Question 3

Marx’s views

Answer 3

religion serves the interests of the ruling class by proving an outlet for human misery that obscures the true sources of suffering among the subordinate classes.

Question 4

World Stats on numbers of followers of religions

Answer 4

Christian-33%-2.1b
Muslim-22%-1.6b
Hindu-14%-1b

Question 5

Sect

Answer 5

a religious organization thta splintered off from an established church in an effort to restore perceived “true” beliefs that were lost by the established religious organization

Question 6

Denomination

Answer 6

a church that is not formally allied with the state. the existance of denomination allows for freedom of religion

Question 7

Church

Answer 7

a well established religious organization that exists in a fairly harmonious relationship with the larger society

Question 8

Eccelesia

Answer 8

one form of a church.

formally allied with the state and is the official religion of the society

Question 9

economy of religion

Answer 9

the religious economy approach suggests that competition leads to increased engagement in religion

Question 10

Durkheim’s profane

Answer 10

the part of the world which is the sphere of routine, everyday life.

Question 11

secularization

Answer 11

the rise in worldly thinking, particularly as seen in the rise of science, technology, and rational thought, and a simultaneous declline in th einfluence of religion

Question 12

Durkeim and secularization

Answer 12

he was worried about the fraying of social bonds that he believed would accompany secularization

Question 13

Marx and secularization

Answer 13

he saw secularization as a progressive trend.

he thought that religion diverted people from the immediate problems of daily life.

Question 14

2 forms of the church

Answer 14

ecclesia and denomination

Question 15

cult

Answer 15

a religous organization that is thoroughly unconventional with regard to the larger society.

Question 16

US stats on followers of religions

Answer 16

Christian-78.3%
unaffiliated-16.4%
Jewish-1.8%

Question 17

Nation-state

Answer 17

a single people (a nation) governed by a political authority (a state); similar to the modern notion of country

Question 18

Three components of modern nation-states

Answer 18

Underlying the social organization of the modern country is a system of law.
The govts claim complet and final authority over the people who reside in the country.
People living in the country are divided between citizens and noncitizens

Question 19

Laws

Answer 19

the codified rules of behavior established by a government and backed by the threat of force

Question 20

Welfare state

Answer 20

a political order characterized by the broad provision of social and economic welfare benefits for the citizenry

Question 21

Democracy

Answer 21

A form of governance in which citizens are able to participate directly or indirectly in their own governance.
“Rule of the people”

Question 22

Direct democracy

Answer 22

All citizens fully participare in their own governance

Question 23

Representative democracy

Answer 23

A political system in which citizens elect representatives to govern them

Question 24

votor participation by education level

Answer 24

the higher education level, the higher voting participation

Question 25

When did women get the right to vote

Answer 25

1920

Question 26

Measurement of worldwide freedom status

Answer 26

The americas are mainly free except a few areas are partly free. Asia and Africa are not free. Europe is mainly free

Question 27

Three kinds of legitimate authority that state power is typically based on

Answer 27

traditional authority (custom and habit), rational-legal authority (belief in the law), charismatic authority (inspirational qualities of a leader)

Question 28

functionalist theories on power

Answer 28

the role of the govt is to mediate neutrally between competing interests. they assert that the influence of one group is usually offset by that of another group with an opposing view.

Question 29

conflict theories of state power

Answer 29

the state serves the interests of teh most powerful economic and political groups in society. Emphasize the importance of a power elite, structural contradictions, and the relative autonomy of state power from the economic elites.

Question 30

Health

Answer 30

the extent to which a person experiences a state of mental, physical and social well-being

Question 31

Preventive medicine

Answer 31

medicine emphasizing a healthy lifestyle that will prevent poor health before it occurs

Question 32

Four pharmocological revolutions

Answer 32

Vaccines, antibiotics, psychopharmaceuticals and birth control

Question 33

life expectancy by race and gender

Answer 33

because race and class closely intersect in the US, racial minorities suffer from poorer health than whites causing them to have lower life expectancies. inequalities start before birth, poor mothers have less access to prenatal care

Question 34

income and health

Answer 34

lower income people live in areas that have high levels of air pollution, greater probability of exposure to violence, less healthy diets

Question 35

infant mortality rates

Answer 35

black 12.6 | white 5.5

Question 36

life expectancy by race and gender numbers

Answer 36

white male: 77 black male: 72 white woman: 81 black woman: 78

Question 37

Demography

Answer 37

the science of population size, distribution, and composition

Question 38

World population

Answer 38

7.3 Billion

Question 39

Sex selection

Answer 39

Parents learn the sex of their fetus prior to birth and are more likely to opt for an abortion if it is female.

Question 40

Population growth by world regions

Answer 40

``` growth projected rates. Europe close to 0 america asia Africa highes around 2 ```

Question 41

Malthus views on population

Answer 41

Exponential population growth. a constant rate of population growth produces a population that grows by an increasing amount with each passing year but the food supply will not

Question 42

Marx views on population

Answer 42

the dominance of an economic system that enables the wealthy few to consume the world's resources at the expense o the impoverished masses.

Question 43

Tonnies: Gemeinshaft and Gesellshaft communities

Answer 43

Some sociologists worried about the differences between a presumably serene country life (Gemeinschaft) and the "death and decay" of city life (Gesellschaft)

Question 44

Impact of agriculture during the pre-industrial era

Answer 44

it caused an agricultural surplus which made it possible for cities to sustain populations where residents werent engaged primarily in farming

Question 45

Industrialization and growth rate of cities in the 19th century

Answer 45

cities changed from centers of trade into centers of manufacturing..

Question 46

Highways, post WW2

Answer 46

Shows how growth operates at a national level. 1956 National interstate and defense highway act established a highway trust fund.

Question 47

Treadmill of production

Answer 47

The constant and aggresive growth needed to sustain the modern economy

Question 48

Social change

Answer 48

changes that occur throughout the social structure of an entire society

Question 49

Differentiation theory

Answer 49

The functionalist perspective. The development of increasing societal complexity throught the creation of specialized social roles and institutions. As societies develop, they become more complex and interdependent

Question 50

Evolutionary theories

Answer 50

Assumed that all societies begin as simple or primitive and eventually develop into more complicated and civilized forms along a single unidirectional evolutionary path

Question 51

Conflict perspective,

Answer 51

Gramsci highlighted the importance of ideas in maintaining order and oppression in society. The ruling class created a ideological hegemony which may lead people to consent to their own domination by socializing them to believe the hierarchy of power is the best way to organize society

Question 52

sports and social change

Answer 52

Title IX opened up unprecedented opportunities for girs to participate in organized sports. Jackie Robinson sparked social change in racial integration in the US

Question 53

social movements

Answer 53

a large number of people who come together in a continuing and organized effort to bring about or resist social change, and who rely at least partially on noninstitutionalized forms of political action.

Question 54

reformist social movements

Answer 54

seek to bring about social change within the existing economic and political system.

Question 55

revolutionary social movement

Answer 55

seek to fundamentally alter the existing social, political, and economic system in keeping with a vision of a new social order. frequently result from the belief that reformist approaches wont work because political/economic system is too resistant

Question 56

new social movement

Answer 56

fundamentally concerned with the quality of private life, often advocating large-scale changes in the way people think and act.

Question 57

Gramsci's Idelogical hegemony

Answer 57

a generally accepted view of what is of value and how people should relate to their economic and social status in society

Question 58

Gramsci's organic intellectual

Answer 58

Those who emerge from oppressed groups to create counterhegemonies that challenge dominant ideas.

Question 59

reformist social movements examples

Answer 59

``` US civil rights, same-sex marriage rights, climate change, labor movements, International human rights ```

Question 60

revolutionary social movement examples

Answer 60

1776 US Revolutionary War, 1905 and 1917 Russuan Revolutions 1991 South African antiapartheid movement, 2010 Arab Spring

Question 61

New social movements examples

Answer 61

Gay... rights movements, | Environmental movements