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Soc 203 > Exam 1(chapter 1-6) > Flashcards

Exam 1(chapter 1-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific

A

A way of learning about the world that combines logically constructed theory and systematic observation.

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2
Q

Sociology

A

Scientific study of human social relationships, groups, and societies.

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3
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

The ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that shape them.
Private issues connecting to public issues.

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4
Q

Agency

A

The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social changes.

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5
Q

Structrure

A

patterned social arrangements that have effects on agency. Determines or limits decisions.
Ex. Race, gender…

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6
Q

Norms

A

Accepted social behabiors and beliefs.

what held communities together.

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7
Q

Anomie

A

State of normlessness that occurs when people lose sight of the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives. Disconnected

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8
Q

Theories

A

Frameworks that help explain social occurences

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9
Q

4 historical developments

A

scientific revolution
the enlightenment
industrialization
urbanization

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10
Q

Scientific revolution and sociology

A

Comte coined the term sociology- “social physics”

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11
Q

The Enlightenment and sociology

A

equality, liberty and fundamental human rights found a home in sociology

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12
Q

The Industrial Revolution and sociology

A

industrialization led to social change and inequality

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13
Q

Microsociology

A

concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale: face to face.

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14
Q

Macrosociology

A

approach to sociology which emphasizes the analysis of social systems and populations on a large scale, at the level of social structure, and often at a necessarily high level of theoretical abstraction.

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15
Q

Structural functionalist paradigm

A

Society is made of: interlocking systems

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16
Q

Social Conflict paradigm

A

Society is made of: power struggles

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17
Q

Symbolic interactionism paradigm

A

Society is made of: shared meanings

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18
Q

scientific method

A

a way of learning about the world that combines logically constructed theory and systematic observation to probide explanations of how things work

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19
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

taking a broad theory and making more specific and testable hypotheses

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20
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

starts with specific data and derives a more general theory

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21
Q

hypothesis

A

ideas about the world that decribe possible relationshops between social phenomena

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22
Q

objectivity

A

ability to represent the object of study accurately

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23
Q

bias

A

a characteristic of results that systematically misrepresent the full dimensions of what is being studied.

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24
Q

variable

A

a concept that can take on two or more possible values

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25
independent varianle
variables we change intentionally
26
dependant variable
change as a result of our alterations to the independent variables
27
popultation
the whole group of people to be studied
28
sample
relatively small number of people
29
validity
the concepts and measurements accurately represent what they claim to represent
30
reliability
the extent to which the findings are consistent with the finding of different studies of teh same phenomenon or with the findings of the same study over time
31
qualitative research
physical qualities. data that cant be quantified
32
quantitative research
amounts
33
correlation
the degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another
34
casual relationships
a relationship between two variables in which one is the cause of the other
35
spurious relationships
a correlation between two or more variables casued by another factor that isnt being measured
36
survey definition
questionnaire or interviews with a group of people in person or by phone or email to determine their characteristics, opinions and behaviors
37
survey benefits
versatile used to test theories or gather simple data good when basic info about a large pop is wanted
38
participant observation benefits
good when firsthand knowledge of subjects direct experience is desired, including a deeper understanding of their lives
39
experiments benefits
good when is possible to create experimental and control groups
40
secondary analysis benefits
good when direct acquisition of data is not feasible or desirable because event studied occurred in the past or gathering info would be too costly
41
culture
the beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group
42
material culture
the physical objects that are created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape peoples lives
43
non material culture
composed of the abstract creation of human culture, including ideas about behavior and living
44
language
a particular kind of symbolic system, composed of verbal, nonverbal, and sometimes written representations that are vehicles for conveying meaning
45
ethnocentricism
belief tjat ones practices is at the core. | judge other cultures by the standards of our own
46
cultural relativism
a worldview whereby we understand the practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's own norms and values and not our own.
47
mores & taboos
mores are strongly held norms, the violation of which seriously offends the standards of acceptable conduct. taboos are powerful mores, violation is unthinkable
48
subcultures
cultures that exist together with a dominant culture but differ from it in some important respects
49
countercultures
subculture with norms that deviate from the culture
50
real culture
non material culture we actually embrace
51
ideal culture
the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace, even thought the actions of the society may often contradict them. non material culture we profess to embrace
52
cultural inconsistency
a contradiction between the goals of ideal culture and the practices of real culture
53
social reproduction
class status passed down through generations, values just not money
54
cultural capital
wealth in the form of knowledge, ideas, verbal skills, and ways of thinking and behaving
55
habitus
acting accordingly to probabilities. looking at the results of the groups around to make decisions
56
socialization
the process of learning ones culture
57
looking glass self and stages
the self image that results from our interpretation of other peoples view of us
58
meads stages of self
I: impulsive. creative innovative unpredictable. me: the part of self through which we see ourselves as others see us 1st stage: role playing 2nd: sig others 3rd: multiple role play 4th: generalized other
59
role taking
the ability to take the roles of others in interaction
60
significant other
the specific people in childrens lives and whose views have the greatest impact on the childs self evaluations (parents)
61
generalized other
the sense of societys norms values by which people evaluate themselves realizing the whole society has the same value as the significant others
62
dramaturgical approach
the study of social interaction as if it were governed by the practices of theatrical performance
63
resocialization
the process of altering an individuals behavior through total control of his or her environment,
64
total institutions
institutions that isolate individuals from the society in order to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives
65
transformational leaders
goes beyond routine, instilling sense of higher purpose in group members
66
transactional leaders
concerned with just accomplishing groups tasks
67
economic capital
consists of money and material that can be used to access valued goods and services
68
social capital
personal connections and networks that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence
69
groupthink
when members of a group ignore information that goes against the group consensus
70
types of formal organizations
rationally designed to achieve particular objectives, often by the means of explicit rules regulations and procedures. utilitarian coercive and normative
71
bureaucracy components
specialized offices hierarchy impersonality in record keeping technically competent administrative staff
72
normative organization
people join of their own will to pursue morally worthwhile goals without expectation of material reward
73
coercive organization
members are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority
74
utilitarian organizations
people join primarily for some material benefit they expect to receive
75
bureaucracy critiques
waste and incompetience: just getting the job done trained incapacity: go by the book goal displacement: losing sight of the original goal
76
deviance
any attitude, behavior, or condition that violates cultural norms or societal laws and results in disapproval hostility or sanction if it becomes known
77
crime
an actu, usually considered deviant, that is punishable by fines imprisonment or both
78
social power
ability to exert control
79
functionalist perspectives on deviance
embrace the assumprion that we must examine culture, especially shared norms and values, to understand why people behave the way they do
80
conflict perspectives on deviance
groups in society had different interests and access to resources. assumes groups with power will use that power to maintain conrol in society
81
interactionist perspectives on deviance
provide a language and framework for looking at how deviance is constructed including how indis are connected to the social structure. labeling

Soc 203 (3 decks)

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