Exam 2 Content

Question 1

major nt released from postganglionic fiber

Answer 1

NE

Question 2

which nt is released from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 2

Epi

Question 3

Which nt is the predominant inhibitory nt in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 3

ACh

Question 4

which nt is estimated to be the primary nt at 50% of excitatory synapses in the CNS?

Answer 4

Glutamate

Question 5

Name the two types of ionotropic receptors for glutamate

Answer 5

AMPA, NMDA

Question 6

which nt is the major inhibitory nt of the CNS? (but also works in the PNS)

Answer 6

Glycine

Question 7

Why does Glycine cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

Answer 7

Because Cl- enters the cell

Question 8

what is the major inhibitory nt in the brain?

Answer 8

GABA

Question 9

our ability to produce serotonin is dependent on _____ intake

Answer 9

Protein

Question 10

What is the solubility of peptide hormones in plasma? (high or low)

Answer 10

High

Question 11

How do peptide hormones get through the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 11

Signal transduction, need a receptor b/c hydrophilic

Question 12

Which has a longer half-life - steroid or peptide hormones?

Answer 12

Steroid hormones

Question 13

Why do hydrophilic proteins have a shorter half-life than steroid hormones?

Answer 13

Because they exist in free form in the blood so they have more opportunity for enzymatic degradation

Question 14

Catecholamines act like which hormones - steroid or peptide?

Answer 14

Peptide

Question 15

Thyroid hormone acts like which hormones - steroid or peptide?

Answer 15

Steroid

Question 16

A deficiency of receptors, decrease in tissue sensitivity, down-regulation in receptors or hormone means what?

Answer 16

Hyporesponsive disorder

Question 17

Increased ability for the hormone to bind to the receptor is what?

Answer 17

Hyperresponsive disorder

Question 18

What is the main role of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 18

Store ADH and Oxytocin; release hormones when stimulated

Question 19

Secondary hyperthyroidism would show what lab values?

Answer 19

High T3/T4
High TSH
Low TRH

Question 20

Tertiary hyperthyroidism would show what lab values?

Answer 20

High T3/T4
High TSH
High TRH

Question 21

Does too much insulin lead to hyperkalemia or hypokalemia?

Answer 21

Hypokalemia

Question 22

name the three main functions of PTH

Answer 22

vitamin D activation, osteolysis, and Calcium reabsorption

Question 23

Where does osteolysis occur with PTH?

Answer 23

Bones

Question 24

Where does calcium reabsorption occur with PTH?

Answer 24

Small intestine

Question 25

Agranular cells are ____ and ____.

Answer 25

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 26

Granulocytes are ___, ____, and ____

Answer 26

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 27

What is erythropoeitin?

Answer 27

Hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that manages the production of red blood cells.

Question 28

T/F: Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What is the pro and con of not having a nucleus in the erythrocyte?

Answer 29

Pro: flexible shape and can fit through many blood vessels Con: Shortens the lifespan

Question 30

What is erythropoeisis?

Answer 30

The production of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Question 31

EPO release is stimulated by what two things?

Answer 31

Renal hypoxia and low arterial oxygen levels

Question 32

EPO works through a _____ type channel?

Answer 32

Ligand

Question 33

What is the structure of heme?

Answer 33

Fe2+ inside a porphyrin ring

Question 34

What condition is related to living at altitude for a long time?

Answer 34

Polycythemia

Question 35

What coagulation factor makes fibrin from fibrinogen?

Answer 35

Thrombin

Question 36

How does endothelin 1 help with vasoconstrition?

Answer 36

Endothelin 1 causes smooth muscle contraction, which narrows the radius of the artery

Question 37

What are the two key steps in activating the platelet plug?

Answer 37

(1) release thromboxane A2 (2) expose subendothelial layer - collagen and von Willebrand Factor

Question 38

____ binds to glycoprotein receptors on the platelet to start platelet activation.

Answer 38

collagen

Question 39

What are the two main signal transduction pathways related to platelet activation>

Answer 39

Phospholipase A, Phospholipase C

Question 40

During platelet aggregation, there is an increase in the expression of what?

Answer 40

GP IIb/IIIa receptors

Question 41

What makes up the tenase complex?

Answer 41

Active IX, active VIII, and inactive X

Question 42

What makes up the prothrombinase complex?

Answer 42

Active X, prothrombin (inactive II), active V + presence of phospholipid and Calcium

Question 43

Factor V leiden is a deficiency in what?

Answer 43

Protein C

Question 44

Why is Protein C important in hemostasis?

Answer 44

Protein C inhibits the activation of Factor V and Factor VIII AKA prevents too muc clotting

Question 45

When Heparin binds to antithrombin III, what happens?

Answer 45

It inactivates Factors II, IX, and X

Question 46

which is a more potent clotting pathway - intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?

Answer 46

Intrinsic

Question 47

Which clotting pathway is quicker - intrinsic or extrinsic?

Answer 47

Extrinsic

Question 48

What are the 3 key factors involved in the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 48

III, VII, and X

Question 49

Factor III activates Factor ___ in the presence of ____

Answer 49

VII, calcium

Question 50

What are the main factors involved in the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 50

XII, XI, IX, and VIII

Question 51

What is the tenase complex made of?

Answer 51

Activated Factors IX, VIII, and Inactive Factor X

Question 52

What is thrombomodulin?

Answer 52

Protein that serves as a receptor to bind Thrombin when Thrombin levels are high.