Module 9 - Acid / Base

Question 1

What is an acid (Bronstead Lowry)?

Answer 1

anything that transfers a proton to another substance

Question 2

What is a base (Bronstead Lowry)?

Answer 2

Anything that can accept a proton from another molecule

Question 3

What makes something a strong acid?

Answer 3

Any acid that can fully dissociate into ions

Question 4

What makes something a weak acid?

Answer 4

An acid that does not dissociate fully

Question 5

What makes something a strong base?

Answer 5

Anything that ionizes completely into hydroxy ions

Question 6

What makes something a weak base?

Answer 6

Anything that does NOT completely dissociate in solution and only produces a small amount of hydroxy molecules

Question 7

What are the two subtypes of acids?

Answer 7

(1)Volatile/Respiratory
(2) Fixed/Nonvolatile/Metabolic

Question 8

The primary volatile acid of the body is _____

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

_____ is the gaseous form of carbonic acid

Answer 9

CO2

Question 10

Lactic acid, acidic ketone bodies, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid are examples of what?

Answer 10

Metabolically-produced acids

Question 11

what are the 4 main endogenous ways that we gain H?

Answer 11

(1) retention of CO2
(2) lactic acid
(3) ketoacids (think: DM)
(4) renal problems

Question 12

What is the main exogenous way we gain H?

Answer 12

Diet - proteins and amino acids

Question 13

Name 4 ways we lose H

Answer 13

(1) utilization in metabolic reactions
(2) vomit
(3) urine
(4) hyperventilation

Question 14

What is a normal pH?

Answer 14

7.4

Question 15

Hydrogen ion content in the blood is ____ _____

Answer 15

extremely low

Question 16

Why is it important to regulate H levels / pH?

Answer 16

Hydrogen is reaction and can change the charge and shape of proteins, which changes their function

Question 17

When you have high levels of H+, H will outcompete ____ and bind more to albumin

Answer 17

Calcium

Question 18

What happens when you have an increased amount of free calcium in the blood?

Answer 18

Ca is a natural Na channel blocker so it will decrease depolarization of skeletal muscles –> weakness, fatigue

Question 19

We can readily exchange ____ for Potassium (K).

Answer 19

Hydrogen

Question 20

In hyperkalemia, if we have high levels of H+ in the body, where does K+ go?

Answer 20

K shifts into the ECF

Question 21

Name the three ways we regulate H+ and pH in order of action

Answer 21

(1) buffering
(2) respiratory
(3) renal H+ excretion

Question 22

Which regulation system of H/pH is the fastest?

Answer 22

Buffering

Question 23

Which regulation system of H/pH is the slowest?

Answer 23

Renal H+ excretion

Question 24

T/F: Buffering temporarily binds the H

Answer 24

True

Question 25

The lungs control the _____ level.

Answer 25

PaCO2

Question 26

Renal H excretion controls ____ and conserves _____

Answer 26

HCO3, Na

Question 27

Buffers exist in what type of acid/base state?

Answer 27

Weak

Question 28

What makes a buffer a weak acid?

Answer 28

When the buffer is bound to H

Question 29

What makes a buffer a weak base?

Answer 29

When it is free / not bound to H+

Question 30

When will a buffer exist as a weak acid state?

Answer 30

When H levels increase in the blood

Question 31

When will a buffer exist as a weak base state?

Answer 31

When H levels decrease in the blood

Question 32

What is the most important buffering system?

Answer 32

H2CO3 / HCO3 system

Question 33

Name 4 other buffering systems, besides the bicarbonate buffer system.

Answer 33

(1) plasma proteins (albumin) (2) phosphate buffers (3) intracellular buffers (4) hemoglobin

Question 34

The phosphate buffering system is used most often for what?

Answer 34

Urinary buffer

Question 35

When does phosphate buffer system typically kick in?

Answer 35

After bicarb has been fully reabsorbed and your kidneys can't keep up

Question 36

Osteopenia and osteoporosis are related to what disease and why?

Answer 36

Late-stage kidney disease because the buffer system is broken in the kidney

Question 37

When more H binds to Hb, what happens to O2?

Answer 37

More offloading via the Bohr effect

Question 38

H can only affect pH in what form?

Answer 38

Free form