Exam 2 deck 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Forms of reasoning that mislead by inviting one to hold conclusions more strongly than is justified by arguments advanced in their support.
Fallacies
People consider only one or few reasons, failing to recognize that many reasons can be offered for and against any conclusion.
Incompleteness
People only consider reasons supporting their favored side on an issue.
My-side bias
A few or atypical instances are used to reach a mistaken general conclusion.
Hasty Generalization
A good general rule or principle is applied to an exceptional case.
Sweeping Generalization
Similarity-based reasoning goes awry due to important, but unappreciated, dissimilarities.
Misleading Comparison
Events are explained in terms of hypothesized agents rather than their natural causes.
Pathetic Fallacy
Comparing human to non-human things.
Anthropomorphizing
the consequences of a conclusion improperly affects assessments of its truth.
Argument from consequences
An explanation of why a popular teenager died in a car accident: God decided to take him home to heaven.
Pathetic Fallacy
the percent should get rid of his advisor and run the government by himself. After all, too many cooks spoil the broth.
False Analogy, Sweeping Generalization
There must be life after death, because if there weren’t, there wouldn’t be any way of keeping people from doing whatever they wanted.
Argument from Consequences
When you thing of what some people have accomplished without a college education, you’ll agree that i’s a waste spending all that time and money to get a degree.
Hasty Generalization
A student, caught cheating on an exam, when asked to justify her behavior: Everyone does it.
Appeal to common practice
People should be responsible enough, during their working years to set aside the money they’ll need for retirement. I don’t see why we need to have social security or other government mandated retirement programs.
Naturalistic Fallacy
I’ve lived on campus for three years now and every roommate i’ve ever had has been an absolute disaster. So I know things are going to be great with the roommate i’ve been assigned for my senior year: I’m way overdue for a good one.
Misconception chance
After his first meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, U.S. President George Bush proclaimed that he could tell by looking into Putin’s eyes that here was a man with whom the United States could do business.
Phantom Intuitions
American scientist win more Nobel Prices than those of any other country. So there’s no reason our education system can’t be the best in the world.
If we can do x, we can do y
Misunderstandings lead to erroneous conclusions about probabilistically-known outcomes.
Misconceptions of Chance
The belief that outcomes of random events are influenced by their predecessors.
Gambler’s Fallacy
Conclusions are based on intuitive feelings that have no reliable grounding or basis.
Phantom Intuitions
An argument regarding a policy questions is based on how things ought to be rather than on how they actually are. Also trying to derive ought from is.
Naturalistic Fallacy
Illegal or unethical behavior is justified on the grounds that others behave the same way.
Appeal to common practice
The fact that a goal has been achieved is used to argue that an apparently easier goal can also be achieved.
If we can do x, we can do y
