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PTH 509 Pharm > Exam 2 - Drugs > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Albuterol

A
  • Bronchodilators
    • relaxes smooth muscle
    • most widely prescribed and most effective agents for treatment of bronchoconstriction
  • Beta 2-adrenergic agonists

** people with asthma should not take beta (2?) blockers!

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2
Q

Prednisone

A
  • Anti-inflammatory agent
  • Glucocorticoid
  • inhibits production of inflammatory mediators
  • reduces smooth muscle hyper-reactivity and decreases constriction
  • inhaled steroids are most effective and prescribed most for inflammation

***drug of choice in newly diagnosed asthma

  • Treatment of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
    • drug of choice for acute attacks
    • inhibits inflam mediators
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3
Q

Olsalazine

A
  • Treatment of IBD
    • drug of choice for reoccuring IBD
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4
Q

Montelukast

A
  • (singulair)
  • Anti-inflammatory agent
    • leukotrience receptor antagonist
    • Decreased inflammation and bronchoconstriction
    • aspirin-induced asthma
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5
Q

Zafirlukast

A
  • (accolate)
  • Anti-inflammatory agent
  • leukotrience receptor antagonist
  • Decreased inflammation and bronchoconstriction
  • aspirin-induced asthma
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6
Q

Omeprazole

A
  • (Prilosec)
  • treatment of excess acid
  • K+/H+ ATPase inhibitors
    • GERD
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7
Q

Lansoprazole

A
  • (prevacid)
  • treatment of excess acid
  • K+/H+ ATPase inhibitors
    • GERD
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8
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate

A
  • (Pepto bismol)
  • Treatment of excess acid
  • Bismuth compounds + antibiotics
    • forms protective barrier (good drug!)
    • H. pylori
  • also treats diarrhea
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9
Q

Cimetidine

A
  • (tagamet)
  • treatment of excess acid
  • Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists
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10
Q

Ranitidine

A
  • (Zantac)
  • Treatment of excess acid
  • Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
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11
Q

Famotidine

A
  • (Pepcid)
  • Treatment of excess acid
  • Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
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12
Q

Dimenhydrinate

A
  • (dramamine)
  • anti-emetic (vomiting)
  • for motion sickness
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13
Q

Misoprostol

A
  • (cytotec)
  • Prostaglandin agonist
  • helps prevent ulcers in patients on NSAIDs (combats aspirin anti-prostaglandin stuff)
  • side effect
    • stimulates abortion
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14
Q

Mg/Al hydroxide (Maalox)

A
  • Al hydroxide = constipation
  • Mg hydroxide = laxative

*** Maalox = both. Best drug for antacid!

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15
Q

Loperamide

A
  • Treatment of diarrhea
  • BEST OTC choice
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16
Q

Lorazepam

A
  • Used for stage fright-induced or anticipatory vomiting
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17
Q

Mg hydroxide

A
  • (Milk of magnesia)
  • Treats constipation (laxative)
  • MOA
    • water and electrolyte retaining cathartic (laxitive)
    • may produce dehydration
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18
Q

Captopril

A
  • ACE inhibitor
    • reduces risk of cardio mortality caused by hypertension
    • adverse effects = first-dose hypotension and cough
  • used for
    • Heart failure and hypertension
    • MI
    • _Diabetic nephropathy _
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19
Q

Lisinopril

A
  • ACE inhibitor
    • reduces risk of cardio mortality caused by hypertension
    • adverse effects = first-does hypotension and cough
  • used for
    • hypertension and heart failure
    • MI
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20
Q

Losartan

A
  • Ang II receptor blocker (ARBs)
    • blocks action of Ang II
      • dilation of arterioles and veins
      • decreases aldosterone
  • Uses
    • diabetic nephropathy

***ARBs end in “SARTAN”

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21
Q

Eplerenone

A
  • Selective aldosterone receptor blocker
  • uses
    • only for hypertension
    • excretion of sodium and water
    • adverse effects
      • hyperkalemia
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22
Q

Nifedipine

A
  • Calcium channel blocker
  • acts on Arterioles
  • uses
    • Hypertension
    • Angina
  • Hemodynamic effects
    • direct: blocks channels in VSM = dilation
    • indirect: NE released & increased heart rate
    • Overall: lowers BP, increases HR, increases contractile force

**Drug of choice for people with cardiac failure!

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23
Q

Verapamil

A
  • Calcium channel blocker (Class IV)
  • acts on: arterioles and heart
  • uses
    • Hypertension
    • angina
    • dysrhythmias
    • Migraine
  • Hemodynamic effects
    • direct = reduce AV conduction, reduce heart rate
    • Indirect = NE released & increases heart rate

*** same as diltiazem

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24
Q

diltiazem

A
  • Calcium channel blocker (class IV)
  • acts on: arterioles and heart
  • uses
    • Hypertension
    • angina
    • dysrhythmias
    • Migraine
  • Hemodynamic effects
    • direct = reduce AV conduction, reduce heart rate
    • Indirect = NE released & increases heart rate

*** same as Verapamil

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25
Hydralazine
* Vasodilator * works on arterioles * for: hypertension, hypertensive crisis, heart failure * adverse effects * reflex tachycardia * inc. blood vol * systemic lupus-like syndrome * min hypotension
26
Minoxidil
* Vasodilator * works on arterioles * uses: * severe hypertension * hair growth (rogaine) * adverse effects * reflex tachycardia * sodium and water retention * hair growth (hypertrichosis)
27
Sodium Nitroprusside
* Vasodilator * works on arterioles/veins * for hypertensive emergencies * adverse effects * excessivey hypotension * cyanide poisoning * thiocyanate toxicity
28
Digoxin
* Drug for heart failure * Cardiac glycoside * **_positive ionotropic action_** * increases force of contraction/CO * inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase * Calcium accumulation * facilitates interaction of myosin/actin * Therapeutic effects: inc contractility, inc urine production, reduce HR & afterload & venouse pressure, dec heart size * Adverse effects * **_dysrhythmias_** * visual disturbances (blurred/yellow vision) \*\*\*does not prolong life! only provides systomatic relief
29
Spironolactone
* drug for heart failure * Potassium-sparing diuretic * aldosterone receptor blocker * (aldosterone promotes remodeling of heart) * (fibrosis and rise in HF) * adverse effects * gynecomastia * hyperkalemia
30
Quinidine
* Class I: Sodium channel blocker * decreas conduction in atria, ventricles, & His-purkinje system * Class IA * similar to anesthetics * acts * heart: delays repolarization * EKG: Widens QRS, prolongs QT
31
Lidocaine
* Class I: sodium channel blocker * decrese conduction in atria, ventricles, & His-purkinje system * Class IB * Heart: accel repolarization * EKG: no effects
32
Propranolol
* Class II: beta-blocker * Effects Beta 1 and 2 receptors * heart: decreased velocity of conduction (also blocks calcium channels) * EKG: prolonged PR interval * **_Contraindication_** * Asthma patients
33
Bretylium
* Class III: Potassium channel blocker * Uses * short-term therapy * heart: delay repolarization * EKG: prolong QT interval * side effects: hypotension
34
Amiodarone
* Class III: potassium channel blocker * use * heart: delay repolarization * EKG: * QRS widening, PR/QT lengthening * side effects: lung damage, visual impairment, prodysrhythmias
35
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
* Drug to alter plasma lipids * LDL = dec * HDL = inc * TG = dec * MOA * inhibits enzyme needed for cholesterol synthesis
36
Nicotinic acid
* drug to alter plasma lipids * LDL = dec * HDL = inc * TG = dec * MOA * decrease VLDL (LDL are byproducts of VLDL) \*\*\*Start with "NIA" (niaspan, niacor)
37
Bile-acid sequestrants
* Drug to alter plasma lipids * LDL = dec * HDL = inc * TG = no change * MOA * cholesterol is required to produce bile-acid. Liver cells inc LDL receptors thereby increasing LDL uptake
38
Fibric acid (fibrates)
* Drugs to alter plasma lipids * LDL = little/no effect * HDL = inc * TG = lower * MOA * accelerate clearance of VLDL thereby reducing TG
39
Nitroglycerin
* Treatment for angina pectoris * organic nitrates (nitrostat, Nitrolingual) * stable angina = dec o2 demand * variant angina = inc o2 supply * \*\*\*people develop **_tolerance_**!! need to cycle and stuff
40
Heparin (unfractionated)
* Parenteral anticoagulants * actions * helps antithrombin inactivate clotting factors * suppresses formation of fibrin * needs lab monitoring
41
Low-molecuar weight heparins
* Parenteral anticoagulants * uses * DVT following hip/knee replacement * no lab monitoring needed
42
Warfarin (coumadin)
* Oral anticoagulants * MOA * antagonist of Vit. K which is needed for clotting factors
43
Streptokinase (streptase)
* Thrombolytic drug * remove thrombi * binds to plasminogen to form plasmin which digests fibrin * \*\*\*made from a bacteria * side effects = allergic rx, hypotension, fever, bleeding
44
Alteplase or tPA (activase)
* Thrombolytic drug * remove thrombi * binds to plasminogen to form plasmin which digests fibrin * \*\*\*made in a lab * tissue plasminogen activator * Recombinant DNA technology * side effects = intracranial bleeding
45
Phenytoin
* MOA * stops sodium influx * Treats * partialized and generalized * difficult kinetics * side effects * overgrowth of gums * thickening of facial hair
46
Carbamazepine
* MOA * stops sodium influx * Treats * partial & generalized & bipolar * NOT absence seizures
47
Valproic acid
* MOA * increase GABA conc and dec calcium/sodium * Treats * partial & generalized, bipolar disease, and migraines
48
Ethosuximide
* MOA * dec calcium * Treats * ONLY absence (drug of choice for absence) * \*\*among the safest antiseizure drugs
49
Phenobarbital
* MOA * GABA * Treats * partial and generalized * NOT absence * Can reduce seizures without causing sedation unlike other barbs
50
Oxycarbazepine
* Newer AED * MOA * dec sodium * treats * partial in kids and adults * derivative of carbamazepine, better tolerated
51
Toprimate
* MOA * increase GABA, dec sodium & GLUTAMATE * Treats * partial and generalized
52
Zonisamide
* Newer AED * MOA * dec sodium and calcium * Treats * partial * \*\*\*only one to Stop the SPREAD!!!!!!
53
Amitriptyline
* Tricyclic antidepressant * MOA = inhibit uptake 1 * for chronic pain
54
Clomipramine
* Tricyclic antidepressant * MOA = block uptake 1 * for OCD
55
Fluoxetine
* SSRI * target serotonin * Has most effects on other drugs (of the 3 listed)
56
Sertraline
* SSRI * target serotonin * similar to fluoxetine but has less effects
57
Paroxetine
* SSRI * target serotonin * has no effects because it has highest specificity \* atypical antidepressant used for anxiety
58
Bupropian
* Newer antidepressant * blocks dopamine uptake * for nicotine withdrawal
59
Venlafaxine
* newer antidepressant * blocks uptake of both NE and serotonin * effective in severe depression and anxiety
60
Phenelzine
* MAO inhibitor used in depression \*\*\*MAO inhibitors react with tyramine to produce a hypertensive crisis by altering level of NE that regulates cardiac function
61
Tyramine (found in wine and cheese)
* When combined with MAO inhibitors it is able to reach the nerve terminals and release more NE. resulting in hypertensive crisis
62
Bipolar drugs
* Lithium * drug of choice for many acute manic episodes * suppresses 2nd messengers * Valproic acid * AED approved for bipolar disorder * less side effects than lithium
63
Diazepam
* BDZ * most rapidly absorbed * forms active metabolites * use * muscle relaxation * anesthesia
64
Lorazepam
* BDZ * treats general anxiety disorder * does NOT form active metabolites * should be used in patients with kidney failure! \*\*\*
65
Alprazolam
* BDZ * treat general anxiety disorder * treats Panic disorder \*\*\*\*
66
Buspirone
* anxiolytic drug * High affinity for serotonin * less sedating than BDZ and no abuse potential * grapefruit juice increases levels
67
Flurazepam
* Benzodiazepine * primarily used as hypnotic * has a rapid onset and long duration of action
68
Triazolam
* Benzodiazepine (BDZ) * primarily used as hypnotic * rapid onset but ultrashort duration of action * Causes _hallucinations_!
69
Zolpidem (ambien)
* Non-BDZ chemically * binds to BDZ receptor tho * less effects on stages of sleep
70
Zaleplon
* sedative * pyrazolopyrimidine binding to GABA receptor
71
Secobarbital
* Barbiturate (duration of GABA channels) * onced used for sleep. problem with physical dependance * used as a hypnotic
72
Phenobarbital
* Barbiturate (acts on duration) * used as an anticonvulsant
73
Chlorpromazine
* First antipsychotic developed * _LESS potent_ but _HIGHLY sedative_ and causes _many anticholinergic side effects_
74
Haloperidol
* Most commonly used antipsychotic * _HIGH potency_, _LESS sedation_, _LESS anticholinergic effects_, and **more EPS effects**
75
Pimozide
* Only for **_Tourette's_** syndrome \*\*\*\* * high potency
76
Clozapine
* newer antipsychotic drug * works on * serotonin and dopamine with **_HIGH_** sedation and **_LESS_** EPS * improves positive and negative * Side effects * fatal agranculocytosis & seizures
77
Risperidone
* Newer antipsychotic drug * works on * serotonin and dopamine with LESS sedation, LESS EPS, and LESS anticholinergic effects * Improves positive and negative * _side effects_ * dizziness & fatigue \*\*
78
Olanzapine
* newer antipsychotic * works on * serotonin, dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine, and NE * LESS EPS * improves positive and negative * well tolerated
79
Levodopa (L-dopa)
* dopamine precursor * only 1-2% actually enters brain
80
Carbidopa
* has no effects on its own * take it with levodopa! * carbidopa inhibits decarboxylation of levodopa in periphery so that 10% enters the brain.
81
Pramipexole
* dopamine agonist that binds dopamine receptors * given with levodopa in late stages of parkinson's * side effects = dyskinesa and hallucinations
82
Amantadine
* anti-viral agent * most likely releases dopamine from neurons * for parkinson's
83
Selegiline
* for parkinson's * decreases dopamine metabolism by _inhibiting MAO_ found in brain * prescribed when disease is seen to slow down progression
84
Entacapone
* for parkinson's * inhibitor of COMT - halts metabolism of dopamine * prolongs half-life of levodopa
85
Donepezil
* for alzheimer's * somewhat selective brain cholinesterease inhibitor. * NOT a cure
86
Baclofen
* treat symptoms of ALS * is a GABA agonist used to relax muscles
87
Marijuana
* from cannabis plant * active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) * tolerance develops quickly * therapeutic uses * AIDS wasting syndrome
88
Phencyclidine
* "PCP" * orginally an anesthetic until people experienced psychotic reactions * effects are different on each person * MOA * antagonizing the NMDA receptors * only hallucinogenic drug that animals will self-administer = very addicting
89
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
* "LSD" * Schedule 1 drug * effects * "trips", vivid colors, flashbacks, hallucinations * MOA * stimulating serotonin receptors on neuron
90
Nicotine
* reaches brain in 8 secs * MOA * acts on nicotinic receptors and releases more dopamine * effects * relax, inc BP, stim CNS * use bupropian to help stop
91
inhalants
* vapors are inhaled, travel to blood, and enter brain * immediate effects * relax, slurred speech, euphoria, nausea, hallucinations, and death * long term use * leads to memory loss, concentration issues, blindness
92
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
* "GHB" * produced in the brain through GABA synthesis * rave drug/date rape drug * releases growth hormones so athletes used to take it
93
Alcohol | (drugs for withdrawal and abstinence)
* Facilitate withdrawal * Benzodiazepines such as diazepam * maintain abstinence * Naltrexone * Disulfiram
94
Disulfiram
* drug used to maintain alcohol abstinence * inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase * effect is acetaldehyde syndrome resulting in flushing and nausea if alcohol is taken
95
Naltrexone
* drug used to maintain alcohol abstinence * opioid antagonist * decreases craving and cuts relapse
96
Caffeine
* blocks adenosine receptors that normally dec neuronal activity * stimulates CNS
97
Cocaine
* CNS stimulant * blocks reuptake of NT in brain. more present * unpredictable cardiac effects
98
Amphetamine
* CNS stim * longer duration of action than cocaine * can be sued for weight loss and narcolepsy
99
Methylphenidate
* CNS stim * used for narcolepsy * used for ADD * reduces impulsiveness
100
MDMA
* "Ecstasy" * related to amphetamines * originally an appetite suppressant * blahhhhh
101
Atomoxetine
* For ADD/ADHD * adults and kids * non-stimulant

PTH 509 Pharm (7 decks)

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