Final exam new stuff Flashcards
1
Q
Vitamin A
A
- fat soluble
- for night vision
2
Q
Vitamin D
A
- fat sol
- regulates calcium and phosphate.
- via UV light/milk
3
Q
Vitamin E
A
- fat sol
- fights free radicals
4
Q
Vitamin K
A
- fat sol
- involved in blood clotting
5
Q
Vitamin C
A
- water sol
- antioxidant properties
- citrus fruit
6
Q
Niacin
A
- water sol
- dec high cholesterol
- deficiency = pellagra (rough skin)
7
Q
Riboflavin
A
- water sol
- energy and cell maintenance and repair
- no toxicity. used in migraines
8
Q
thiamin (B1)
A
- water sol
- carb metabolism. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
9
Q
Pyridoxine (B6)
A
- water sol
- metabolism of sugar, fat, protein
- interacts with levodapa. important in athletes
10
Q
Cyanocobalamin (B12) and folic acid
A
- water sol
- synthesis DNA and RBCs
-folic acid important in pregnant women
11
Q
Sibutramine
A
- for obesity
- dec appetite by blocking serotonin and NE reuptake
12
Q
Orlistat
A
-stops breakdown of fats
13
Q
Hydroxycitric acid
A
-blocks conversion of carbs to fats
14
Q
-Gugulipid
A
- dec LDL cholestrol
* ** never take with cholesterol lowering drugs
15
Q
Chromium
A
-mineral that regulates blood sugar and insulin
16
Q
Glucosamine
A
- supplement
- “arthritis cure”
- stim cartilage cells
17
Q
Ephedrine
A
- CNS stim
- decongestant
- used for weight loss
18
Q
Echinacea
A
- herbs
- for immune function
19
Q
Ginko
A
- herb
- for memory, concentration, ED
20
Q
St. John’s Wart
A
- herb
- relieves depression by dec uptake of NT and block MAO
21
Q
Stacking a drug
A
-taking 2 or more
22
Q
Pyramiding a drug
A
- start with a low dose,
- high dose
- low dose
23
Q
Spasticity vs spasm
A
spasticity = exaggerated muscle stretch reflex
spasm = increased tension after injury
24
Q
Baclofen
A
for muscle spasms
- central acting
- inhibit motor neuron activity in spinal cord
25
Diazepam
for muscle spasms
- central acting
- increases GABA inhibition
26
Dantrolene
- -spasticity
- direct acting
- side effect = generalized weakness
27
Halothane
- anesthetic
| - widely used in kids
28
Isoflurane
- anesthetic
| - most widely used inhalation anesthetic
29
Nitrous oxide
- anesthetic
- gas
- cannot produce surgical anesthesia
30
Short acting barbiturates (thiopental)
IV anesthetic
| -induction of anesthesia
31
Benzodiazepines
IV anesthetic
| -produce unconsciousness and amnesia
32
Katamine
IV anesthetic
| -causes dissociate anesthesia
33
Local anesthetics specifically block what channels
Sodium
34
Anesthetics are frequently used with vasoconstrictors (epi) to do what?
- decrease blood flow
- delay systemic absorption
(prolong effects, reduce risk of toxicity)
35
Procaine
- local anesthetic
- Ester type
- injected
- given with epi
36
Lidocaine
- local anesthetic
- amide type
- topical or injected
- combine with epi
37
Cocaine
- local anesthetic
- ester type
- DO NOT give with epi
38
Ortreotide
a growth hormone inhibiting hormone
39
Levothyroxin sodium
- used to treat hypothyroidism
| - drug of choice for replacement therapy
40
Drug of choice for osteoporosis
Calcitonin
41
Anadrol and oxandrin are what type of steroid
oral
42
durabolin and depo-testosterone are what type of steroid
injectable
43
Health consequences of steroids
reduced sperm production, more body hair, gynecomastia, etc
44
Stanozolol
anabolic steroid commonly abused
45
Flutamide
for prostate cancer
46
Sildenafil
-ED (viagra)
47
Clomiphene
- anti-estrogen
| - treat infertility
48
Tamoxifen
anti-estrogen
| -treat breast cancer
49
Type 1 vs type II diabetes
Type 1 = do not produce insulin
Type II = body does not respond normally to insulin
50
Short, intermediate, and long acting insulin
Short = regular
Intermediate = NPH and Lente
Long = Ultralente and Lantus
51
Intermediate and long acting insulin mimic what?
24 hour basal insulin secretion
52
short acting insulin mimics what?
food stim insulin
53
Sulfonylureas
- not for type I DM
| - increase insulin release from pancreas
54
Biguanides
- not for type I diabetes
| - reduces insulin resistance
55
Acarbose
-modulates digestion and absorption of starch and sugar
56
How does a virus work?
it needs the cell's machinery to survive
57
Replication of a virus peaks before what?
-clinical symptoms
58
Oseltamivir
- tamiflu
| - shortens illness a few days if given within 48 hours
59
Acyclovir
-inhibits viral DNA polymerase enzyme needed for replication
60
Ribavirin
-interferes with viral RNA synthesis
61
What do interferons do?
warn other cells of infection
62
Zidovudine or AZT
- HIV treatment
- inhib reverse transcriptase
- terminates the DNA chain
63
Didanosine or DDI
- HIV treatment
| - reverse transcriptase inhibitor
64
Fluconazole
-inhibits fungal P450 necessary for ergosterol synthesis
65
Tolnaftate
"tough acting tinactin"
- inhibits ergosterol synthesis
- athletes foot
- topical
66
Terbinafine
- oral
- inhibits ergosterol synthesis
- nail infections
67
Amphotericin B
- drug of choice for systemic fungal infection
| - binds to ergosterol
68
Ketoconazole
for infections of lungs, bone, skin, and soft tissue
| -antagonistic with amphotericin B
69
Bacteria works by?
- using the host cell for nutrients
| - it has its own basic organs
70
What is intrinsic resistance?
-bacterium has its own pumps that pump the drugs out when they enter
71
What is mutation resistance?
-random mutations make the drug resistant
72
What is plasmid mediated resistance?
-plasmids can be transferred to other microbes
73
Penicillins
inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
74
Cephalosporins
- drug of choice for UTI
| - same mech as penicillin
75
Vancomycin
- used for serious infections and those allergic to penicillin
- for staph (gram + only?)
76
Bacitracin
- inhibit cell wall synthesis
| - topically to treat infection in skin
77
Aminoglycosides
- inhibit protein synthesis
| - tissue and wound infections
78
Tetracyclines
- can be pumped out if resistant
- used to be a broad spectrum. now things are resistant
- acne
79
Quinolones
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synth
| -inhibit twisting
80
Rifampin
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synth
| -binds polymerase-enzyme responsible for making RNA
81
Sulfonamides
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synth
| -disrupt folic acid synthesis
82
Ioniazid
TB treatment
83
Dapsone
Leprosy treatment
84
Metronidazole
- treat protozoans
| - inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
85
Mebendazole
- treat roundworms
- drug of choice for many intestinal roundworms
- impairs glucose
86
Praziquantal
- treats flukes
| - increases permeability of cell membrane
87
Niclosamide
Drug of choice for tapeworm
| -inhibit glucose uptake
88
Chloroquine
- selective to parasite and kills by pH mech
| - malaria
89
Cyclophosphamide
-most widely used alkylating agent for cancer chemotherapy
90
Methotrexate
- folate analog
| - cancer stuff
91
Flurouracil
- pyrimidine analog
| - cancer stuff
92
Mercaptopurine
- purine analog
| - cancer stuff
93
Vincristine
- cancer stuff
| - alkaloids bind microtubules
94
Doxorubicin
- cancer stuff
- antibiotic
- prevent DNA/RNA synth
95
Prednisone -cancer stuff
suppresses RNA synth
96
Ceftriaxone
for gonorrhea
