Exam 2: Forestry

Question 1

What is ecophysiology?

Answer 1

study of how the environment, both physical and biological, interacts with the physiology of an organism

Question 2

Three basic components of ecophysiology

Answer 2

Tree biology
Site factors
Tolerance

Question 3

factors related to plant distribution

Answer 3

temperature, moisture

Question 4

what are three site factors?

Answer 4

climate, soil, topography

Question 5

Three shade intolerant species

Answer 5

Aspen, paper birch, red pine

Question 6

Two very shade tolerant species

Answer 6

Sugar maple, eastern hemlock

Question 7

What is light compensation point?

Answer 7

point where photosynthesis equals respiration

Question 8

Two soil properties that determine site suitability

Answer 8

soil pH, soil bulk density

Question 9

How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit trees?

Answer 9

Increase surface area of roots which increases water and nutrient uptake

Question 10

How is site quality measured?

Answer 10

Calculated as average height of dominant and co-dominant trees, within a given species, within a given site

Question 11

Silviculture

Answer 11

Use of sustainable management to guide development of forest to fulfill natural resource objectives

Question 12

Why are disturbance regimes a basis for silviculture?

Answer 12

disturbances fix genes

Question 13

Dominant crown

Answer 13

sunlight at top and sides

Question 14

Codominant crown

Answer 14

sunlight at top, little at sides

Question 15

Intermediate crown

Answer 15

sunlight only at top

Question 16

Suppressed crown

Answer 16

no direct sunlight

Question 17

Seedling

Answer 17

1 -5 years, less than 3 ft tall

Question 18

Sapling

Answer 18

5 - 15 years, greater than 3ft tall but less than 4 in DBH

Question 19

Pole

Answer 19

15-60 years, in between 4 in and 8 in DBH

Question 20

Mature

Answer 20

60-150 years, height and diameter growth slows

Question 21

Old growth

Answer 21

over 150 years

Question 22

Clearcut

Answer 22

most to all trees removed:
ideal with intolerant species, mimics severe disturbance

Question 23

Seed tree

Answer 23

scattered trees left as seed source regen:
works well with southern pines and western larch
Seed crop and germination vary, competition, wind throw shallow root trees

Question 24

Shelterwood

Answer 24

retain sufficient # of trees per unit area:
30 to 80% canopy
Visual quality is best

Question 25

Coppice

Answer 25

cut trees down to ground level so they can stump sprout

Question 26

Pro of natural regeneration

Answer 26

low cost

Question 27

Con of natural regeneration

Answer 27

limited by seed dispersal, nature and probabilities

Question 28

Pro of artificial regeneration

Answer 28

dependable and predictable

Question 29

Con of artificial regeneration

Answer 29

higher costs, site prep

Question 30

Why and when did silviculture start?

Answer 30

Timber shortages and 1664 in Germany

Question 31

Advantages of mixed stands

Answer 31

More niches filled Greater pest resistance Diversity, flexibility and market prices Social desires for aesthetics and recreation Wildlife habitat diversity and refugia

Question 32

Advantages of pure stands

Answer 32

Fit valuable species in stand Easy to match site index Ease with stand management Reduced harvesting costs

Question 33

Disadvantages of pure stands

Answer 33

Reduced aesthetics Diversity decreased

Question 34

Advantages of uneven stands

Answer 34

3 age classes or more Reduced harvest residue Steady income with small woodlots Favorable odds with species regeneration

Question 35

Disadvantages of uneven stands

Answer 35

Increased harvest costs because of frequent entry Increased silviculture knowledge needed Road maintenance greater Increased admin

Question 36

Advantages of even stands

Answer 36

Decreased residual damage Growth rates more uniform Wood quality and harvest volume greater Less complicated to manage

Question 37

Disadvantages of even stands

Answer 37

Decreased diversity Increased susceptibility to pests

Question 38

What is the purpose of intermediate treatments?

Answer 38

Improve: Species composition and structure Growth rate Tree quality

Question 39

What is stand evaluation used for?

Answer 39

determine if revenue is possible and if inputs are needed

Question 40

Release treatment

Answer 40

free desirable species by removing competition

Question 41

Improvement cuts

Answer 41

Remove low value trees (defective, deformed, diseased, insect infested)

Question 42

Low thinning (below)

Answer 42

remove suppressed and intermediate crown classes

Question 43

High thinning (above)

Answer 43

remove dominants and codominants

Question 44

How does thinning affect forest growth?

Answer 44

total volume not increased but potential diameter is increased

Question 45

Salvage cut

Answer 45

removes trees damaged by wind, fire, insects, disease, drought, flood ice storms

Question 46

Metes and Bounds survey

Answer 46

based on simple descriptions of known features and measures distance between them