exam 2 - group

Question 1

social facilitation

Answer 1

the effect, positive/negative, of the presence of others on performance

Question 2

dominant response

Answer 2

in a person’s hierarchy of possible responses in any context, the response that person is most likely to make

Question 3

zajonc’s model

Answer 3

presence of others produces arousal, arousal increases the likelihood of dominant responses

Question 4

easy or well-learned tasks (zajonc’s model)

Answer 4

dominant response is usually correct

Question 5

difficult or novel tasks

Answer 5

dominant response is not necessarily correct

Question 6

mere presence of others effect

Answer 6

others are dynamic and unpredictable, we need to be alert (aroused) to react to what they might do

Question 7

evaluation apprehension

Answer 7

concern for how others are viewing us (jogger example)

Question 8

distraction conflict theory

Answer 8

conflict between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task, overloads our cognitive resources and leads to arousal

Question 9

social loafing

Answer 9

tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored

Question 10

how to eliminate social loafing

Answer 10

-make individuals accountable
-make task challenging and involving
-make the goal compelling/important to all
-make individuals feel their contribution is important
-provide consequences for success and failure

Question 11

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 11

a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when other bystanders or witnesses are present

Question 12

groupthink

Answer 12

the deterioration of group judgment produced by striving for consensus

Question 13

how to prevent groupthink

Answer 13

-be impartial
-have a devils advocate
-subdivide the group
-encourage and welcome criticisms from outsiders
-before implementing, call a second-chance meeting

Question 14

self-censorship

Answer 14

withholding info or opinions in group discussions

Question 15

risky shift

Answer 15

decisions become riskier after group discussion

Question 16

group polarization

Answer 16

group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies

Question 17

illusion of unanimity

Answer 17

illusion that the group is all on the same page, when that isn’t actually the case

Question 18

illusion of invulnerability

Answer 18

“we’re good people, we’re good decision makers, we can’t make a bad decision”

Question 19

collective rationalization

Answer 19

deciding that the decision made was the best one

Question 20

deindividuation

Answer 20

when in groups. people often abandon normal restraint

Question 21

self-awareness theory

Answer 21

when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values

Question 22

spotlight effect

Answer 22

peoples conviction that other people are paying more attention to them (appearance/behavior) than they actually are

Question 23

leadership and power in groups

Answer 23

groups tend to quickly evolve into hierarchies because…
-having leaders help solve problems inherent in group living
-imposing order/structure increases group coordination

Question 24

determinants of leadership

Answer 24

-coercion and manipulation
-skill, knowledge, and expertise
-socially adept: can build strong relationships

Question 25

approach/inhibition theory

Answer 25

high power people pursue personal goals and make quick judgments; less concern about how others evaluate them, so more inclined to go after their desires
low power people constrain personal behaviors and pay careful attention to others

Question 26

group

Answer 26

collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree

Question 27

minimal group paradigm

Answer 27

even arbitrary and virtually meaningless distinctions between groups can trigger a tendency to favor one’s own group at the expense of others

Question 28

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 28

tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups

Question 29

psychological need to form a group

Answer 29

-inclusion: desire to be part of and accepted by a group
-control: need to guide the group by organizing and maintaining group’s processes
-affection: need to maintain open, positive relations with others

Question 30

social roles

Answer 30

shared expectations in a group about how particular people are suppose to behave