Exam 2: Immunological Disorders

Question 1

Autoimmune

Answer 1

Etiology: “self attacking the self” or producing an exaggerated immune response, both a T and B cell response and can be generalized to tissue or organ-specific. Acute or chronic

Pathophysiology
Normal Process: Normal immune process.

Clinical Manifestations/Signs & Symptoms: Many, but common frequent opportunistic infections

Diagnosis: monitor for antibodies, so a non-specific laboratory diagnostic is an ANA assay

Question 2

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)

Answer 2

(bubble boy)
X-linked genetic disorder (males), malfunction of both the T and B cells -> unable to fight infection, children (prognosis 2 yrs w/o intervention) experience diarrhea, failure to thrive, and resemble someone with AIDs

Question 3

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Answer 3

Virus attacks CD 4 cells and macrophages -> CD4 count decreases -> <500 this leads to immune impairment -> increase in infections -> ≤ 200 CD4 cells = acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 4

Hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 4

Abnormal or excessive response of the activated immune system

Normal Process: Normal immune response

Different types disease process: areas of the immune system be activated

Question 5

Type I, hypersensitivity

Answer 5

(Allergic response)
Exposure to an antigen that elicits the release of IgE and mast cells and histamine. Anaphylaxis.

Question 6

Type 2, hypersensitivity

Answer 6

IgG or IgM cytotoxic, due to antigen presenting cells (blood transfusion reaction)

Question 7

Type 3, hypersensitivity

Answer 7

Formation of antigen-antibody complexes, seen with lupus

Question 8

Type 4, hypersensitivity

Answer 8

Delayed T-cell mediated, so poison ivy, transplant rejections, TB test

Question 9

Infectious diseases

Answer 9

Etiology: Infection by virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc. (foreign antigen)

Diagnosis: Cultures/PCRs/antigen tests

Question 10

MRSA

Answer 10

bacteria
hospitalizations, anywhere in body

Question 11

Neisseria meningitides

Answer 11

bacteria
close quarters to others - droplet, upper respiratory to neurologic symptoms

Question 12

E. coli

Answer 12

bacteria
fecal-oral route from food, common cause of UTIs

Question 13

C. difficile

Answer 13

bacteria
long term antibiotics/proton pump inhibitors/hospitalizations, diarrhea

Question 14

Lyme disease

Answer 14

bacteria (vector borne)
target-like rash, neurologic symptoms can develop

Question 15

Measles

Answer 15

Viral
droplets, resp. tract, lymph, then other organs impacted

Question 16

Ebola

Answer 16

Viral
direct contact, systemic but initially flu-like

Question 17

COVID-19

Answer 17

Viral
droplet, targets specific receptor in lungs

Question 18

Candida albicans

Answer 18

fungal
GI (oral) and vaginal yeast, warm moist areas