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Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Integumentary/MSK > Flashcards

Exam 4: Integumentary/MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Complete fracture

A

Bone separates completely

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2
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Bone fragments are still partially joined

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3
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Fracture that does not break the skin

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4
Q

Open Fracture

A

Fracture where bone breaks the skin

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5
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

A fracture with more than one fracture line and more than two bone fragments, which may be shattered or crushed

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6
Q

Linear Fracture

A

Fracture of the long axis of bone

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7
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Fracture at an angle

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8
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Fracture encircling bone

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9
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Fracture that is perpendicular to long axis, parts of the bone are separated but close to each other

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10
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Bone fragments pushed into each other

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11
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Break in bone integrity caused by extreme stress from a non-traumatic etiology. Bone is internally weakened by pre-existing condition and fractures easily without trauma or only slight trauma. Ex. Osteoporosis, neoplasms, metabolic conditions, or some other space occupying lesion

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12
Q

Avulsion

A

Separation of a small fragment of bone at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon

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13
Q

Compression Fracture

A

A fracture that consists of the crushing of cancellous bone/spongy bone

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14
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Break in cortex of bone (children & elderly), incomplete with one side intact

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15
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

One part of the fracture is compressed into an adjacent part of the fracture

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16
Q

Stress Fracture

A

Caused by repetitive stress on bone. Commonly, stress fractures occur on the second and third metatarsals, tibia, and fibula. Stress fractures develop when extensive microdamage occurs before bone can be adequately remodeled. Bones prone to stress fractures are those constantly involved in weight-bearing activity, high impact activity, such as with walking or running

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17
Q

Transchondral

A

Separation of cartilaginous joint surface

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18
Q

Traction

A

Used to maintain alignment of bone

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19
Q

Dislocation

A

Displacement of one or more bones in a joint surfaces with loss of articulation

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20
Q

Subluxation

A

Opposing surfaces only partially lose contact (partial dislocation)

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21
Q

Sprain

A

Ligament damage. ligaments may be incompletely torn or completely torn, or ruptured

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22
Q

Strain

A

Stretching injury to muscle or musculotendinous unit by mechanical overloading

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23
Q

Malunion

A

Healing of bone in an unacceptable position

24
Q

Tendinopathy

A

Painful thickening of tendons

25
Fracture blister
Skin blisters seen after fractures of severe twisting can be a precursor to compartment syndrome. Get epidermal necrosis with separation of the epidermis from underlying dermis by edema
26
Contracture (pathologic)
Permanent muscle shortening caused by muscle spasm or weakness seen with CNS injury, secondary to scar tissue
27
Contracture (physiologic)
Due to the absence of muscle action potential such as malignant hyperthermia or sarcolemma lack of ATP
28
Osteopenia
Thinning of the trabecular matrix of the bone before osteoporosis
29
Kyphosis
Excessive curvature in the thoracic spine sometimes called a dowager’s hump, forward curvature of spine tends to progress with age
30
Lordosis
Increased curvature of the lumbar spine
31
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
32
Fibrosis
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblast
33
Rash
Temporary eruption of the skin
34
Lesion
Traumatic or pathological loss of normal skin continuity, structure, or function
35
Bulla
Large blister
36
Crust
Dried yellowish and yellow-brown exudate on skin
37
Excoriation
Scratch that breaks the skin’s surface
38
Induration
Hardening or thickening of skin
39
Keloid
Irregular, elevated scar tissue
40
Macule
Defined flat area of altered pigmentation
41
Nodule
Solid lump greater than 0.5 cm in diameter
42
Papule
Raised, well-defined lesion, usually smaller than 0.5 cm in diameter
43
Pustule
Papule filled with pus
44
Ulcer
Loss of epidermal and dermal tissue
45
Vesicle (blister)
Blister smaller than 0.5 cm in diameter
46
Wheals/urticaria
Transient pink, itchy, elevated papules that evolve into irregular red maculopapular patches. Think hives with urticaria
47
Pruritus
Itching
48
What factors facilitate bone growth?
nutrition such as adequate calcium or vitamin D, physical activity like weight bearing to simulate bone growth and maintain bone strength. Age is another facilitator of bone growth more specifically at less than 30 years the body will make more bone than destroy. Hormones help facilitate bone growth like the thyroid for calcitonin, estrogen inhibits bone breakdown and stimulates bone formation, testosterone stimulates muscle growth which places stress on bones and facilitates bone formation.
49
What factors inhibit bone growth or increase risk for fractures?
like smoking, obesity, age, use of anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic medications, steroids, excess alcohol intake, excessive caffeine intake, excess carbonated soft drink intake, eating disorders, hyperthyroid, hyperparathyroidism (causes further CA to be reabsorbed from bone), and/or family history. Age and hormones also matter so postmenopausal women and after 30 years of age the amount of bone resorbed by the osteoclasts exceeds that which is formed by osteoblasts, resulting in a steady decrease in bone mass with age.
50
What are the 4 stages of bone healing?
Hematoma: 1-2 days disruption of blood flow can lead to death of bone cells Inflammatory: 2-5 days hemorrhage forms and you get neovascularization clotting factors stay in place to build a fibrin meshwork…granulation tissue forms Reparative: continued formation of the callus and cartilage Remodeling bone is reconstructed
51
Fracture complications
Bleeding/arterial damage Nerve damage Nonunion and malunion Infection (osteomyelitis) Thromboemboli (DVT) & (PE) Fat embolism Compartment syndrome Fracture blister
52
Types of osteomyelitis
Hematogenous - bacteria from bloodstream Contiguous - direct bacterial infection of bone see with trauma or surgery Chronic - occurs when infection persists longer than 6 to 8 weeks or fails to respond to appropriate antibiotic therapy
53
D-dimer
a fibrin degradation product, a small protein fragment seen when you have a clot present
54
Factors that delay wound healing
Age Tissue oxygen tension/hypoxia Vascular insufficiency Severe anemia Infection Edema Smoking Pain/stress Nutrition deficiencies Bacterial colonization Chronic diseases/DM Pressure Medications (e.g. steroids)
55
Phases of wound healing
Hemostasis Inflammatory (healing can be delayed here) Proliferative (and here) Remodeling
56
What are clinical manifestations of an infection?
Fever, elevated WBC count Increased amount and type of wound drainage Heat at wound site, increased pain Regression of wound healing May send specimen for C & S/tissue biopsy Pain: changing, increased pain; wound pain is often underestimated by healthcare professionals

Pathophysiology (24 decks)

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