Exam 5: Neuro

Question 1

Aphasia:

Answer 1

Inability to talk

Question 2

Expressive aphasia:

Answer 2

Cannot say words

Question 3

Receptive aphasia:

Answer 3

Cannot understand words

Question 4

Global aphasia:

Answer 4

Both expressive and receptive aphasia

Question 5

Ataxia:

Answer 5

Lack of coordination, imbalance and gait disturbance

Question 6

Bradykinesia:

Answer 6

Slowness of movement

Question 7

Brain herniation:

Answer 7

When the brain becomes compressed and forced into another region

Question 8

Decorticate posturing:

Answer 8

Posturing due to damage to the corticospinal tract

Question 9

Decerebrate posturing:

Answer 9

Posturing due to upper brainstem damage

Question 10

Carotid stenosis:

Answer 10

Arteriosclerosis of the carotid artery

Question 11

Circle of Willis:

Answer 11

Located at the base of the brain provides collateral circulation in the event that one of the major cerebral vascular routes is occluded. It is also a popular area for aneurysm formation

Question 12

Chorea:

Answer 12

Brief, irregular dance like movements

Question 13

Cogwhelling or ratchet movement:

Answer 13

Contraction or “jerky” feeling when passively moving a patient’s muscle

Question 14

Contralateral motor and sensory deficits:

Answer 14

In a stroke people have an injury on one side of their brain but the loss of movement or sensation is on the contralateral or opposite side of injury

Question 15

Coup/contrecoup injury:

Answer 15

Acceleration-deceleration injury, type of traumatic brain injury. Coup when the head stops abruptly; the first hit. Contrecoup is when the brain bounces inside the skull and impacts the opposite side; the second hit

Question 16

Cushing Triad:

Answer 16

Indicates a late sign of increased intracranial pressure. See HTN with a widened pulse pressure, slowed HR, and abnormal respirations

Question 17

Dysphagia:

Answer 17

Dysfunctional swallow

Question 18

Glasgow coma scale:

Answer 18

Classifies the severity of a stroke

Question 19

Intracranial pressure:

Answer 19

Pressure inside the skull on CSF and the brain tissue

Question 20

Muscle rigidity:

Answer 20

Tightness or stiffness in muscles

Question 21

Ophthalmoscopic exam:

Answer 21

Eye exam

Question 22

Ptosis:

Answer 22

Drooping of the upper eyelid

Question 23

Papilledema:

Answer 23

Due to an increase of hydrostatic pressure, fluid is absorbed by the papilla or the nerve of the eye. Optic disc gets swollen and irregular shaped because of the increase of fluid that is being pushed out from capillary leakage around the optic artery. Remember that the papilla is the “blind spot” of the eye so as papilledema increases so does the blind spot of the eye eventually leading to blindness. Papilledema CAN ONLY EXIST IF THERE IS increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

Question 24

Peripheral Neuropathy:

Answer 24

Damage to nerves that causes impaired sensation

Question 25

Paralysis:

Answer 25

In ability to move muscles

Question 26

Paresthesias:

Answer 26

Numbness

Question 27

Penumbra:

Answer 27

The perimeter around the core ischemic area, rapid reperfusion of this area is critical after a stroke

Question 28

Widened pulse pressure:

Answer 28

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures that is increasing meaning if a normal BP is 120/80 pulse pressure (PP) is 40. If the BP is 190/70 PP is 120 the distance between the systolic and diastolic increased.

Question 29

Minimally conscious state:

Answer 29

Follows simple commands, manipulates objects, gestures yes/no, has intelligible speech

Question 30

Irreversible coma (or cerebral death):

Answer 30

Death of the cerebral hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum. Unable to respond, but brainstem maintains homeostasis. No sleep-awake cycles, eyes remain closed. Survival of cerebral death can go into a persistent vegetative state or minimally conscious state.

Question 31

Persistent vegetative state:

Answer 31

Absence of awareness of self and environment, complete loss of cognitive function, hypothalamic and brainstem function to maintain life. Sleep-wake cycle present, eyes open spontaneously, BP and breathing maintained, bowel and bladder incontinence, recovery unlikely if continues >12 months