Exam 2 - Infecctious Infertility bacteria & protozoal

Question 1

Fetus definition

Answer 1

recognizable body parts

Question 2

Early Embryonic Death definition

Answer 2

fetal death < 8 weeks of preg

Question 3

when is it considered an Abortion?

Answer 3

occurs between 42 or 56d ⇔ 260d of gestation

Question 4

When is it considered a Stillbirth?

Answer 4

Fetal death > 260d of gestation

Question 5

When do we consider intervention? (At what % of herd occurence?)

Answer 5

Intervention level is > 5% of a herd

Question 6

What is #1 dx of abortion

Answer 6

Unknown

Question 7

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 7

Bacterial

G + coccobacillus

rotting hay & improperly stored silage

Question 8

pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes

Answer 8

ingestion→ replication in monocytes→ placenta→ placentitis & fetal septicemia⇒ ABORTION

Question 9

CS of L. monocytogenes

Answer 9

Abortion in last trimester

Sick infected cows, before, during & after abortion

encephalitis & neonatal dz

Question 10

Dx of L. monocytogenes

Answer 10

isolation of organism from fetal tissues & placenta

Lesions:

autolysed

foci of necrosis in liver (similar to BVH-1)

pinpoint yellow, necrotic foci on tips of cotyledonary villi with focal or diffuse intercotyledonary placentitis

not necessarily pathognemonic!

Question 11

Tx of L. monocytogenes

Answer 11

Cow usually recovers

Prevention:

proper silage storage

clean up around old, wet hay rings

Don’t feed rotten material to preg. animals

Question 12

What is this?

What is important to remember about the serovars?

Answer 12

Leptospirosis

All serovars are ZOONOTIC!

Question 13

Difference b/w host adapted serovars & non host adapted?

Answer 13

Host adapted:

insidious repro loss d/t infertility

L. interrogans hardjo-prajitno (USA)

L. borgpetersenii hardjo-bovis (UK)

Non host adapted:

ABORTION STORMS

L. pomona, grippo, ictero, canicola, others

Question 14

Pathogenesis of Lepto

Answer 14

4 - 10d incubation period→ bacteremia⇒ localizes & persists in renal tubules = more sheding…more exposure…more infections

Question 15

CS of Leptospirosis

Answer 15

Often none!

hemolytic anemia

hepato/renal dz

abortion (time of abortion depends on spp involved

photosensitization

Question 16

Transmission of Lepto

Answer 16

URINE, placental fluids, milk, transplacental, semen

Can survive in wet environment for up to 30 d

Question 17

Dx of Lepto

Answer 17

Clinical Hx: infertility, abortions

Organism difficult to culture

FA of Maternal urine or fetal kidney

Dam serology not much help…once abortion occurs, maternal Ab already elevated

Question 18

Lepto Tx

Answer 18

NONE!

limit exposure to wildlife, pigs, rodents

Vx:

multivalent for non-host adapted

monovalent for host adapted

can vx in outbreak & give tetracycline

Question 19

Brucella abortus

Answer 19

G (-) coccobacillus, intracellular

Once most importan reproductive dz of cattle in USA

rarely a concern anymore

zoonotic = Undulant Fever

Question 20

Transmission & pathogenesis

Answer 20

1º means of transmission:

via mucus membranes→ l.n.→ bacteremia→ uterus→ multiplication in chorioallantoic trophoblasts→ fetal bacteremia and choriollantoic necrosis⇒ abortion.

Not commonly transmitted by coitus

has been transmitted by intrauterine deposition of frozen semen

Sire bulls should be test neg. for Brucella

Question 21

CS of Brucella abortus

Answer 21

ABORTION

• frequently after 5th month of gestation*
• RFM & metritis follow*

Some Brucella infected cows give birth to weak calves that die soon after birth

Question 22

Dx of Brucella abortus

Answer 22

Placentitis

intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, cracked (Moroccan leather)

pathognemonic

definitive dx requires isolation of organism REPORTABLE!

Question 23

Tx & control of B. abortus

Answer 23

Tx:

REPORTABLE IN USA

NO TX FOR POSITIVES

Control:

Routine serologic testing to ID infected herds
▪Vx of heifers
▪Bangs Vaccination at 4-12 months
▪Depends on test
▪RB51- antibodies do not interfere with testing
▪Certified Brucellosis free herds are best source of new animals to assure you don’t introduce an infected animal

Question 24

Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma

Answer 24

uncommon & sporadic causes of abortion

Both organisms are found in the “normal” female reproductive tract

early & late term abortions

Granular vulvovaginitis

Salpingitis can lead to infertility

Not a major player & be careful w/ dx

Question 25

Minor players in bacterial infectious infertility

Answer 25

* Haemophilus somnus* * weak calves & stillbirths more often than abortion * Chlamydia* * Salmonella*

Question 26

***Campylobacter foetus veneralis***

Answer 26

G - microaerophilic rod, comma shaped ## Footnote **Also called Vibrio**

Question 27

* Campylobacter fetus fetus* * C. fetus jejuni*

Answer 27

**GIT inhabitants!** not transmitted venereally *sporadic abortions in cattle*

Question 28

***Campylobacter foetus veneralis*** Transmission & pathogenesis

Answer 28

Coitus→ colonizes in vagina and cervix→ uterus and oviducts→ infection**⇒ EED** Blame the bull! beef \> dairy d/t bull use *Conception is not affected Can also be transmitted through fomites* ▪AI equipment ▪Embryo equipment

Question 29

Dx & CS *C. foetus veneralis*

Answer 29

**1º = delayed return to estrus** rarely observed = vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis \< 10% abort fetus * 4-6 months **Bulls ⇒ none** **Preputial scrapings/vaginal mucus** **Clarks media** **fetal abomasum contents, placenta**

Question 30

Tx *C. foetus veneralis*

Answer 30

Tx: ▪*Cull bulls ▪Cow usually clears in 3 to 6 months* Control: ▪AI ▪Use Campy negative bulls ▪**Vaccines-** ▪**Vaccinate cows before breeding season** ▪ 2 inj. 2-4 wks apart such that last injection is given 2 wks before breeding season ▪**Annual booster**

Question 31

*Tritrichomonas foetus*

Answer 31

_much is the same stuff a campy/vibrio_ ## Footnote **Primarily preputial crypts** **Older bulls increased #s**

Question 32

*Tritrichomonas foetus* transmission & pathogenesis

Answer 32

Coitus transmitted to female→ establish infection in vagina and progress to uterus ▪**Does not prevent conception ▪Causes fetal loss ▪Usually EED ▪Bulls are primary reservoirs**

Question 33

Dx *T. foetus*

Answer 33

**Herd hx** * **reverse stair step** * **gradual increase in herd infertility** **postcoital pyometra**

Question 34

What does this represent?

Answer 34

A reverse stairstep histogram - showing delayed return to estrus seen in *T. foetus* infections

Question 35

What is the name of the media used for *T. foetus* preputial scrapings?

Answer 35

InPouch

Question 36

What is necessary to confirm negative for *T. foetus*

Answer 36

**3 neg samples each 1 month apart**

Question 37

Tx for *T. foetus*

Answer 37

**Use only culture negative or bulls less than 4 yrs old** ▪Test and cull bulls ▪Use AI **Sexual rest for cows for min. 3 cycles- breed to uninfected bulls Quarantine or divide herd** ## Footnote *Vaccines- TrichGuard- doesn’t prevent dz- shortens recovery interval* ***"TRICH IS NO TREAT!"***

Question 38

*Neospora caninum*

Answer 38

Worldwide Dogs are definitive host **No clinical dz in dam** **Infected calves are normal, weak or aborted**

Question 39

*Neospora caninum CS & Dx*

Answer 39

CS: **Abortion 3rd trimester, cow not ill Abortions can occur anytime** Lesions: **Fetus autolysed** Dx: *Most positive cows pass dz to offspring (80%) Once a cow is positive, she stays positive*

Question 40

Will you see *N. caninum* everywhere?

Answer 40

*No, it's a regional thing!*

Question 41

*N. caninum* prevention & control

Answer 41

Disrupt predator-prey life cycle Store & serve feed/water in a way that prevents fecal contamination