Exam 2 - NonInfectious Infertility

Question 1

What is the definition of Metritis?

Answer 1

severe inflammation involving all layers of uterus

• endometrial mucosa & submucoss
• muscularis
• serosa

Occurs w/i 21 days post calving

Question 2

What is definition of Endometritis?

Answer 2

Inflammation of the endometrium extending no deeper that the stratum spongiosum

Occurs at least 21 days post calving

Question 3

What is pyometra?

Answer 3

collection of purulent exudate of varialble amt w/i endometrial cavity

persistence of corpus luteum

suspension of estrous cycle

Question 4

CS of Metritis

Answer 4

fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge

w/i 21 d post calving

Question 5

definition & CS of puerperal metritis

Answer 5

usually w/i 10 d post parturition

pyrexia

decr. milk yield

dullness

inappetance or anorexia

incr HR

deH2O

Question 6

Dx of metritis

Answer 6

abn lrg uterus post calving

w/i 21 d

presence of purulent discharge

+/- pyrexia

Question 7

Metritis Tx

Answer 7

Systemic Abx

Ceftiofur

Penicillin

Oxytet

Anti-inflammatory

+/- uterine lavage

Question 8

Risk factors for endometritis

Answer 8

RFM (retained fetal membranes)

stillbirth

twins

assisted calving

primiparity

Question 9

CS of clinical endometritis

Answer 9

purulent discharge detectable in vagina >= 21d or more post calving

no systemic illness

Question 10

Dx of clinical endometritis

Answer 10

rectal palp

transrectal u/s

exam vaginal contents

• gloved hand
• metricheck device

presence of >50% purulent material (score 3) in uterine discharge detectable in vagina 21d or more post parturition

presence of mucopurulent material (score 2) in vagina after 26d post partum

Question 11

What is this?

Answer 11

Metricheck device

Question 12

What is the #1 reason of infertility in herds

Answer 12

Clinical endometritis!

Question 13

Tx for endometritis

Answer 13

Ceftiofur Sodium

1mg/kg IM or SQ 3-5d

Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid

6.6mg/kg SQ SID; 72h 2nd dose

Meat withdrawal 13 days!

On label for metritis, off label for endometritis!

Question 14

What could this be I wonder?

What are its charcteristics?

Answer 14

Cow pyometra

• purulent exudate in uterus*
• presence of CL*
• no estrus*

Question 15

Etiology of pyometra

Why?

Answer 15

occurs when metritis, endometritis, lochia, or other contents are present & ovulaton occurs resulting in CL formation

Uterine contents (no matter how gross!) inhibit PgF2a release, & CL is maintained!

Question 16

when is approx 1st post-partum ovulation in dairy cow?

when is normal gross uterine involution complete?

Answer 16

≈ 18d

≈ 30d

Question 17

What is different if a pyometra is discoverd after a natural breeding?

Answer 17

May be more likely due to tritrichomoniasis!

Question 18

How is pyometra different in dogs/cats than cows

Answer 18

not an emergent situation!

Question 19

Dx & CS of pyometra

Answer 19

routine repro herd health visit (fresh cow checks)

hx or complaint of unobserved estrus

no observed estrus after VWP

Question 20

Tx of pyometra

Answer 20

Remove CL

• PgF2a

Px fair→good but DON’T BREED on first heat after CL removal

Question 21

What are some causes of Anestrus

Answer 21

Prepubertal anestrus

• nutrition
• age
• intersex

Postpartum anestrus ⇒ beef > dairy

Post-service anestrus

Heat/stress

cystic ovarian follicle

Question 22

True vs apparent anestrus

Answer 22

True vs Apparent

insufficient hormonal stimulus failure to detct estrus

failure to know that she is pregnant

Question 23

What are the intersex states in cows

Answer 23

freemartinism

ovarian aplasia/hypoplasia

Question 24

what are some reasons for prepubertal anestrus

Answer 24

Poor nutrition

Too young

• Breed variations: Zebu puberty later, Dairy earlier
  
  • Genetic components: larger scrotal circumference = earlier

Question 25

**Pathophysiology of freemartinism**

Answer 25

shared chorioallantoic membranes testicles of malle twin develop prior to female⇒**leads to production of AMH→goes to female tract→inhibits development of duct systems of female**

Question 26

clinical appearance of freemartins

Answer 26

▪ Broad variation ▪ Most common apparently normal ▪ Can have small vulva, enlarged clitoris, tuft of hair on ventral vulva ▪ Internal repro organs are abnormal: Vestigial ovaries Reduced devlpt of paramesomephric duct system Some devlpt of male duct system **Most common= small genital tract, hypoplastic ovaries, short vagina, and absent cervix**

Question 27

Dx of fremmartinism

Answer 27

Hx of twin birth ## Footnote **Probe vagina** ***vagina = 1/3 length of normal*** ***80% detection rate***

Question 28

How long is postpartum anestrus

Answer 28

Normal 3-5 wks Lactational anestrus

Question 29

Definition of **Ovarian Follicular Cysts** **AKA**: **cystic ovarian degeneration, ovarian cysts, cystic ovaries**

Answer 29

thin walled fluid filled follicular structure **\>25 mm (2.5cm)** ## Footnote **w/ absence of luteal tissue** **persist for minimum of 10 d**

Question 30

1º sign of cystic ovaries

Answer 30

**anestrus** *some cows show nymphomania*

Question 31

Dx of ovarian follicular cysts

Answer 31

**\> 80% cows show anestrus At least 2.5cm diameter large fluid filled in absence of a CL** Palpation Per Rectum Ultrasound May require serial examination as cyst grows in size

Question 32

Tx of ovarian follicular cysts

Answer 32

**spontaneous recovery** **lutenize it/lyse it** * **GnRH/PgF2a** * **hCG/PgF2a** **Progesterone (CIDR) for 7 d then lyse**