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Nutrition > Exam 2 (Intro and Major minerals [Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S] ) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Intro and Major minerals [Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S] ) Flashcards

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1
Q

Minerals represent ___% of our body weight

A

4-5%

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2
Q

Breakdown of minerals in the body is: 50% ______, 25% _______, and 25% as the remaining ___ minerals

A

50% Calcium
25% Phosphorus
25% 14 other minerals

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3
Q

What % of Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones?

A

99% calcium

70% phosphorus

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4
Q

Things that make a mineral a mineral

A
  • Must be mined
  • Can’t be synthesized in labs
  • Mostly extracted as salt forms (Calcium carbonate)
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5
Q

T/F All minerals are absorbed in their ionic state

A

FALSE.

Heme Iron is the only mineral that is not absorbed in its ionic state

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6
Q

Absorption of minerals is often influenced by many _________ in the diet

A

Organ factors (Ex: Vitamin C enhances absorption from plants)

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7
Q

Most minerals with a positive charge are called this

A

Metals

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8
Q

Most minerals with a negative charge are called this

A

Nonmetals

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9
Q

Only mineral with a + charge that is called a nonmetal

A

Hydrogen (H+)

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10
Q

Names for proteins and enzymes that contains metal

A

Metalloproteins

Metalloenzymes

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11
Q

What makes a mineral a major mineral?

A

Requires >100 mg/day

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12
Q

Major minerals

A

Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S

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13
Q

T/F About 2% of our total body weight is Ca

A

True

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14
Q

T/F Calcium is found naturally in nature and supplements, so it does not need to be digested to be absorbed

A

FALSE.

Ca is found as salts in nature and supplements. The Ca must be released from the salt to be absorbed

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15
Q

Most common form of Ca in supplements and fortified foods.

A

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

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16
Q

What does calcium carbonate require in order to be released?

A

At least 1 hour in an acidic environment (take with a meal)

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17
Q

Other calcium salts. Do these require an acidic environment to release the Ca?

A

Calcium citrate
Calcium lactate

They do NOT require an acidic environment to release the Ca

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18
Q

Protein that enables Ca to be absorbed by active transport. What stimulates this protein? Is this protein saturable?

A

Calcium binding transport protein (Calbindin 9k)

Stimulated by Vitamin D

Yes

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19
Q

What enables the passive diffusion of Ca absorption to start?

A

Passive diffusion starts when the Calbindin 9k (from active transport) becomes saturated during times when lots of Ca has been consumed

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20
Q

T/F The passive diffusion of calcium requires vitamin D

A

FALSE.

Only active transport requires Vitamin D, passive transport does not

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21
Q

Amount of Ca we can only absorb at a given time

A

500 mg

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22
Q

Amount of Ca we can only absorb at a given time

A

500 mg

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23
Q

The body has low blood calcium. Explain the steps (and hormones) used to increase serum calcium levels.

A

1) Low Ca causes PTH to be released from the parathyroid glands
2) PTH induces hydroxylase in the kidneys to activate calcitriol (active Vitamin D)
3) Calcitriol stimulates synthesis of Ca binding proteins
4) Ca binding proteins (Calbindin) increase Ca absorption in the small intestine and decrease Ca excretion in the kidneys.
5) Serum Ca levels normalize

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24
Q

Calcium binding proteins and which organ each acts on

A

Calbindin 9k = Small intestine (increases absorption)

Calbindin 28k = Kidneys (decreases excretion)

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25
Enhances Ca absorption
Vitamin D Sugars (lactose) Protein
26
Inhibits Ca absorption
``` Fiber Phytate Oxalate Divalent minerals (Zn, Mg, Cu) Fatty acids ```
27
Increases Ca excretion
Na Protein Caffeine
28
Decreases Ca excretion
Estrogen K P
29
Ca RDA in adults 19-50 and adults >51
Adults 19-50 = 1000 mg | Adults >51 = 1200 mg
30
Ca sources
``` Dairy Fish (esp. canned) Spinach Tofu Fortified grains ```
31
Ca functions
1) Bone mineralization (found with P, F, Mg, K, Sr, Na in osteoblasts) 2) Cell signaling (muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood clotting, enzyme regulation, membrane permeability)
32
Other nutrients (besides Ca) in bone calcification
- Vitamin A (osteocyte mainenance) - Vitamin D (Ca absorption) - Vitamin K (protein formation) - Vitamin C and B6 (collagen synthesis)
33
Ca deficiency
Hypocalcemia
34
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
Tetany Paresthesia (nerves are hyperexcitable from lowering the threshold to fire action potentials)
35
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
Tetany Paresthesia (nerves are hyperexcitable from lowering the threshold to fire action potentials)
36
Condition causing soft spongy bones in people under 45. Associated with a Vitamin D deficiency and impaired osteoblast function
Osteomalacia
37
Condition causing brittle bones in adults over 45 due to increased osteoclast function.
Osteoporosis
38
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women due to less estrogen
Type I Osteoporosis
39
Osteoporosis that's age related in men and women over 70
Type II Osteoporosis
40
Major symptom of Ca toxicity
Kidney stones, calcium deposits in tissues, hallucinations
41
RQ: Which form is Ca absorbed in?
Calcium ion
42
RQ: What stimulates PTH secretion?
Low serum Ca
43
RQ: Where is calbindin 28k located in vivo?
Kidneys
44
RQ: What is a clinical indicator of a Ca deficiency?
Tetany
45
RQ: T/F A high sodium diet will cause Ca toxicity
FALSE
46
RQ: What can blood Ca levels be used to diagnose?
Ca toxicity
47
RQ: What can blood Ca levels be used to diagnose?
Ca toxicity
48
2nd most abundant mineral in the body. 85% is stored in the skeleton
Phosphorus
49
Functions of P
1) Bone mineralization (found with Ca, F, Mg, K, Sr, and Na in osteoblasts) 2) Nucleotide/Nucleoside phosphates (part of DNA and RNA backbone and second messenger in cells as cAMP) 3) Main mechanism for regulating enzymes (Turn enzymes on or off by phosphorylation via covalent modification) 4) Part of phospholipid 5) Acid-Base balance (P is main intracellular buffer)
50
Excellent sources of P
-Meat -Poultry -Fish -Eggs (Animal products)
51
P deficiency symptoms
Arrhythmias, skeletal/cardiac myopathy, decreased diaphragm contractility, reduced cardiac output, death
52
P toxicity symptoms
Hypocalcemia and tetany | P competes with Ca for absorption; lots of P causes a Ca deficiency
53
RQ: T/F Blood pressure regulation is a function of P
FALSE
54
RQ: Name a poor source of P
Banana (and other plant products)
55
RQ: Is tetany a sign of a P deficiency?
NO | Tetany is a sign of a P toxicity
56
RQ: A patient consumes a high P diet. What mineral will they probably be low in?
Ca | P toxicity causes hypocalcemia
57
RQ: Where does the body get Ca to normalize blood values?
From bone
58
4th most abundant mineral in the body. 54% stored in the skeleton and 45% stored in soft tissues
Magnesium
59
Functions of Mg
1) Bone mineralization (found with Ca, F, P, K, Sr, and Na is osteoblasts) 2) Cofactor for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins along with protein and DNA synthesis (>300 enzymes, predominately kinases that use ATP/ADP) 3) Muscle relaxation (Ca-channel blocker) 4) Required for PTH release 5) Required for Vitamin D activation
60
T/F Mg is a metalloprotein
FALSE | It is a metalloenzyme
61
T/F Mg is used to help stabilize ATP
True
62
T/F Mg is used to help stabilize ATP
True
63
Good sources of Mg
-Seeds -Nuts -Grains -Legumes -Dark green leafy vegetables (Plant products)
64
Major symptoms of hypomagnesia
Personality changes and tetany
65
What mineral deficiencies usually precede a Mg deficiency?
Ca and K
66
Symptoms of hypermagnesia
Diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speech, migraines
67
Major cation in ECF
Sodium
68
Functions of Na
1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with K and Cl) | 2) Na/K ATPase pump (generates an electrochemical potential gradient for nerve transmission and muscle contraction)
69
Sources of Na
- Salt (NaCl) - Processed or canned foods - Condiments - Cured meats - Naturally found in meats, veggies, and grains
70
Symptoms of hyponatremia
Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma, seizures
71
Symptoms of hypernatremia
Hypertension, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and tetany | Excess Na increases Ca excretion eventually causing hypocalcemia
72
Major cation in ICF
Potassium
73
Functions of K
1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with Na and Cl) 2) Na/K ATPase pump (generates an electrochemical potential gradient for nerve transmission and muscle contraction 3) Inhibits Ca excretion (Na does the exact opposite)
74
Symptoms of hypokalemia
Cardiac arrhythmias, myopathy, irritability, mental conduson, glucose intolerance
75
Symptoms of hyperkalemia
Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
76
RQ: What mineral stabilizes ATP?
Mg
77
RQ: Where are you more likely to find Mg and K? A. Plants B. Animals C. Plantimals
A. Plants
78
RQ: Mg deficiency may present as _______ while a toxicity may present as _________
``` Deficiency = muscle weakness Toxicity = Slurred speech ```
79
RQ: Mineral utilized by kinases
Mg
80
RQ: T/F The average American does not meet their daily Na requirement
FALSE.
81
RQ: T/F All hypertensive patients would benefit from a reduced Na diet
True
82
RQ: What is a clinical indicator of both hypo- and hyperkalemia?
Cardiac arrhythmias
83
``` RQ: Which of the following does NOT lead to hypocalcemia? A. Hyperphosphatemia B. Hypomagnesemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hyperkalemia ```
D. Hyperkalemia (High P = Low Ca; Low Mg = Low Ca; High Na = Low Ca; High K = High Ca by inhibiting Ca secretion)
84
Major anion in the ECF
Chloride
85
Functions of Cl
1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with K and Na) 2) Part of HCl in gastric juice 3) Assists in destruction of foreign compounds during phagocytosis of WBC (part of hypochlorous acid)
86
Sources of Cl
``` Salt Processed foods Eggs Meat Seafood ```
87
Symptom of a Cl deficiency
Convulsions

Nutrition (11 decks)

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