Final Exam (Lipids)

Question 1

Chain lengths of lipids

Answer 1

• Short and medium chain fatty acids

- Long chain fatty acids

Question 2

Short and medium chain fatty acids are transported in the blood via _______ and ___ require carnitine

Answer 2

Albumin

Don’t

Question 3

Long chain fatty acid are transported in the blood via _______ and ____ require carnitine

Answer 3

Lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)

Do

Question 4

AMDR of Lipids

Answer 4

20-30% of our energy

Question 5

Saturated fatty acid example

Answer 5

Hydrogenated oils

Question 6

T/F LDL concentrations will be higher if saturated fats are present

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Lipids produce __kcal/g

Answer 7

9

Question 8

LDL and HDL concentration for a cis-MUFA

Answer 8

Low LDL
High HDL
(ideal)

Question 9

LDL and HDL concentration for a trans-MUFA

Answer 9

Low HDL
High LDL
(Bad)

Question 10

Example of a trans-MUFA

Answer 10

Partially hydrogenated oils

Question 11

N-3 PUFA

Answer 11

EPA

DHA is made from this

Question 12

What is produced if a COX enzyme reduces EPA?

Answer 12

3 series PG (Prostaglandin)

3 series TX (Thromboxanes)

Question 13

What is produced if a LOX enzyme reduces EPA?

Answer 13

5 series LT (Leukotrienes)

Question 14

N-6 PUFA

Answer 14

ARA

Question 15

What is produced if a COX enzyme reduces ARA?

Answer 15

2 series PG

2 series TX

Question 16

What is produced if a LOX enzyme reduces ARA?

Answer 16

4 series LT

Question 17

What should we swap trans-MUFAs for?

Answer 17

MUFAs

PUFAs

Question 18

Energy is obtained from lipids at:

Answer 18

Rest

Low intensity exercises

Question 19

Lipids have a function in what part of the cell?

Answer 19

Membranes

Question 20

During lipolysis, what is the rate limiting enzyme when turning TG into DG?

Answer 20

Adipose TG Lipase (ATGL)

Question 21

During lipolysis, what is the rate limiting enzyme when turning DG into MG?

Answer 21

Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL)

Question 22

During lipolysis, what is the rate limiting enzyme when turning MG into glycerol?

Answer 22

Monoglyceride Lipase (MGL)

Question 23

MUFA and PUFA are targeted by ____ and _____

Answer 23

ROS

RNS

Question 24

The RNS _______ is produced by ___

Answer 24

Nitric oxide

White Blood cells

Question 25

ROS

Answer 25

- Superoxide - Singlet oxygen - Hydrogen peroxide - Hydroxyl radical - Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)

Question 26

Most potent ROS

Answer 26

Hydroxyl radical

Question 27

The hydroxyl radical is produced by ________ in response to _________

Answer 27

White blood cells | Tissue damage

Question 28

Superoxide is produced by _____ and ____ in the ________

Answer 28

White blood cell and Phase 1 detox enzymes | Electron Transport System

Question 29

Superoxide is quenched by ________

Answer 29

Superoxide dismutase

Question 30

Superoxide dismutase in the cytosol requires _______ to function while superoxide dismutase in the mitochondria requires ________ to function

Answer 30

``` Cytosol = Copper Mitochondria = Manganese ```

Question 31

Phase 1 detox enzyme that produces superoxide

Answer 31

Cytochrome P450

Question 32

ROS that can fragment DNA

Answer 32

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)

Question 33

Peroxynitrite is formed by the formation of:

Answer 33

Superoxide | Nitric oxide

Question 34

Lipoprotein that carries dietary and endogenous lipids

Answer 34

VLDL

Question 35

VLDL is made in the ________ and carries mostly ________

Answer 35

Liver | Triglycerides

Question 36

Found on VLDL to activate lipoprotein lipase

Answer 36

ApoC-2

Question 37

Lipoprotein made from VLDL

Answer 37

LDL

Question 38

LDL contains mostly __________

Answer 38

Cholesterol

Question 39

LDL receptor ligand on LDL

Answer 39

ApoB-100

Question 40

Lipoprotein that carries only dietary lipids

Answer 40

Chylomicrons

Question 41

Chylomicrons carry mostly ________ and activate lipoprotein ligase via ______

Answer 41

Triglycerides | ApoC-2

Question 42

T/F Chylomicrons are made in the liver

Answer 42

FALSE. | They are made in the small intestine and transport TG to the liver

Question 43

Lipoprotein that carries mostly protein

Answer 43

HDL

Question 44

HDL is made in the:

Answer 44

Liver and small intestine

Question 45

LDL receptor ligand found on HDL

Answer 45

ApoE

Question 46

Found on HDL. Used to activate an enzyme to pick up free cholesterol

Answer 46

ApoA-1

Question 47

Enzyme activated by HDL to pick up free cholesterol

Answer 47

LCAT

Question 48

T/F Activation of LCAT will cause HDL to pick up cholesterol esters

Answer 48

FALSE. | LCAT will only pick up FREE cholesterol when activated. Cholesterol esters are not free, so they will not be picked up