Exam 2 (Trace minerals [Fe, Zn, Cu, F])

Question 1

What makes a mineral a trace mineral?

Answer 1

Require 1-100 mg/day

Question 2

Trace minerals

Answer 2

Fe, Zn, Cu, F

Question 3

Trace minerals

Answer 3

Fe, Zn, Cu, F

Question 4

The majority of the Fe stored in the body is in ________

Answer 4

Hemoglobin (65%)

Question 5

Iron from animal products that is part of a “globin”. Absrobed using a carrier protein

Answer 5

Heme iron

Question 6

Protein that absorbs heme iron

Answer 6

Heme carrier protein 1

Question 7

Iron from plants and supplements. Reduced in the small intestine and absorbed using a generic divalent mineral transporter

Answer 7

Nonheme iron

Question 8

Vitamin required to absorb nonheme Fe

Answer 8

Vitamin C

Question 9

What is sued to break down heme Fe in the body?

Answer 9

Pepsin in the stomach and proteases in the small intestine

Question 10

T/F Heme Fe is absorbed by activated transport using the heme carrier ATPase pump

Answer 10

FALSE.

Heme Fe is absorbed by facilitated diffusion using the heme carrier protein 1 (hcp1)

Question 11

After absorption into the enterocyte, what enzyme is used to release the Fe from the heme?

Answer 11

Heme oxygenase

Question 12

T/F Heme Fe and nonheme Fe have the same charge

Answer 12

FALSE.
Heme Fe = +2
Nonheme Fe = +3

Question 13

Enzyme in the small intestine used to turn Fe+3 into Fe+2 so the Fe can be absorbed

Answer 13

Ferrireductase

Question 14

What vitamin does Ferrireductase require to absorb Fe in the small intestine?

Answer 14

Vitamin C

Question 15

Why must Fe be bound to a protein at all times in the body?

Answer 15

Fe is highly reactive

Question 16

If the body does not need the absorbed Fe right away, it will be bound by _______ in the _________

Answer 16

Ferritin

Enterocyte

Question 17

If the Fe bound to ferritin is not used by the body in 2-3 days, what happens to it?

Answer 17

It is sloughed off with the lining of the small intestine

Question 18

If the body needs the Fe bound to ferritin, how does the Fe get past the basolateral membrane? Does this have any change on the charge of the Fe?

Answer 18

Gets across basolateral membrane by the protein Terroportin.

Moving across the basolateral membrane changes the Fe from +2 to +3

Question 19

What does Ferroportin require to get Fe across the basolateral membrane?

Answer 19

Copper

Question 20

What picks up the Fe+3 after it is transported across the membrane by ferroportin? Where does the Fe go then?

Answer 20

Fe +3 is picked up by Transferrin and sent to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Question 21

Two ways iron is stored in the body

Answer 21

1) Made into myoglobin and hemoglobin
OR
2) Bound to ferritin for storage in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Question 22

When iron stores are low, ferritin levels are _____ while transferrin levels are ______

Answer 22

Ferritin = low
Transferrin = high

We don’t want the Fe bound to ferritin, we want it absorbed and bound to transferrin so it can deliver to places all over the body that need it

Question 23

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

Answer 23

Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

Question 24

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

Answer 24

Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

Question 25

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

Answer 25

``` Ferritin = high Transferrin = low ``` Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don't want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

Question 26

Functions of Fe

Answer 26

1) Heme proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin = transports and/or stores Oxygen) 2) Heme enzymes (cytochromes = ETS, cytochrome P-450 = Drug detoxification, and Catalase = hydrogen peroxide metabolism)

Question 27

Fe can be found in Complex II of the ETS

Answer 27

FALSE. | Part of Complex III and IV (cytochrome c and a+a3)

Question 28

Peroxide enzymes that require Fe

Answer 28

Catalase | Myeloperoxidase

Question 29

Where are the peroxide enzymes found?

Answer 29

Peroxisomes of cell and white blood cells

Question 30

T/F Fe is the only vitamin/mineral that is required more by women then men

Answer 30

True

Question 31

RDA for Fe in men and women

Answer 31

``` Men = 8 mg/day Women = 18 mg/day ```

Question 32

Sources of Fe

Answer 32

Seafood, lean meat, poultry, legumes, vegetables, black strap molasses, dried fruits, and whole grain or enriched breads

Question 33

Most common nutritional deficiency in the U.S.

Answer 33

Iron deficiency

Question 34

Symptoms of an iron deficiency

Answer 34

Pallor, fatigue, decreased cognition, short attention span, and depressed immune system

Question 35

Iron supplementation can cause a _____ depletion. This is why we can't take these two supplements at the same time

Answer 35

Zinc (or Copper)

Question 36

Symptom of iron toxicity

Answer 36

Organ damage (iron deposition and creation of free radical = Fe+3, +OH, and -OH)

Question 37

RQ: Which class of enzymes is required for digestion of heme iron prior to absorption?

Answer 37

Hydrolase | Proteases are hydrolases

Question 38

RQ: Which carrier protein is synthesized in both the SI and the liver?

Answer 38

Ferritin

Question 39

RQ: Which compound from chocolate can decrease iron absorption?

Answer 39

Oxalate

Question 40

``` RQ: Which compound does not contain a heme? A) Heme Fe B) Catalase C) Myoglobin D) Cytochrome p450 2C17 ```

Answer 40

B) Catalase

Question 41

RQ: What patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

Answer 41

15 year old female gymnast

Question 42

RQ: What patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

Answer 42

15 year old female gymnast

Question 43

RQ: When a patient presents with an Fe deficiency, which blood protein is elevated?

Answer 43

Transferrin

Question 44

RQ: Which mineral deficiency may lead to an iron deficiency?

Answer 44

Copper | Required by ferriportin to absorb iron

Question 45

RQ: Severe Fe deficiency may lead to impaired activation of Vitamin ___

Answer 45

D | Need cytochrome P450 enzymes, which requires Fe

Question 46

RQ: Severe Fe deficiency may lead to impaired activation of Vitamin ___

Answer 46

D | Need cytochrome P450 enzymes, which requires Fe

Question 47

Functions of Zinc

Answer 47

1) Cofactor (>300 enzymes, especially matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's)) 2) Cell growth and replication (concentrated in the cell nucleus) 3) Bone formation (required for osteoblast activity) 4) Immune function (shortens duration of colds) 5) Insulin secretion

Question 48

Zinc is used as a cofactor for the enzyme _______, which is used to quench free radicals found in the ______

Answer 48

``` Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Cytosol ```

Question 49

Folate contains many glutamic acid residues which are removed by this zinc dependent enzyme in the brush border

Answer 49

Conjugase

Question 50

T/F Zinc has not been shown to decrease the duration of a cold

Answer 50

``` FALSE. Zinc acetate (>75 mg/day) has been shown to decrease the duration of a cold by 42% ```

Question 51

Sources of Zn

Answer 51

Seafood (#1) Legumes Meat Dairy

Question 52

Signs/Symptoms of a Zn deficiency

Answer 52

- Taste problems - Alopecia - Decreased growth - Poor wound healing - Dermatitis - Delayed sexual maturation - Impaired immune function (low NK cells)

Question 53

Symptoms of Zn toxicity

Answer 53

- Metallic taste - Headache - Nausea - Vomiting - Copper deficiency

Question 54

RQ: Zn is required for digestion of _______ and ________

Answer 54

Folate and Protein

Question 55

RQ: Zn is required to release _____ from the liver

Answer 55

Vitamin A

Question 56

RQ: Which compound decreases Zn absorption?

Answer 56

Iron

Question 57

RQ: What is the best source of Zn?

Answer 57

Seafood

Question 58

RQ: What is a clinical indicator of a Zn deficiency?

Answer 58

Diminished taste mechanism

Question 59

Copper containing glycoprotein. An oxidative enzyme

Answer 59

Ceruloplasmin

Question 60

Functions of Copper

Answer 60

Cofactor 1) Fe transport out of the enterocyte (ceruloplasmin) 2) Metabolism of superoxide, catecholamines, serotonin 3) Synthesis of ATP (cytochrome C) and peptide hormones (amine oxidases) 4) Cross linking of collagen (lysyl oxidase)

Question 61

How does Fe+2 change to Fe+3 when it is brought out of the enterocyte?

Answer 61

Ceruloplasmin-Cu+2 oxidizes the Fe+2 to Fe+3 while ites crossing attached to ferroportin while making itself into Ceruloplasmin-Cu+1

Question 62

T/F Cytochrome C contains 3 copper atoms per molecule

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Sources of Cu

Answer 63

- Oysters - Nuts and seeds - Legumes - Cocoa - Dried fruits - Meat

Question 64

Sources of Cu

Answer 64

- Oysters - Nuts and seeds - Legumes - Cocoa - Dried fruits - Meat

Question 65

Symptoms of a Cu deficiency

Answer 65

- Anemia - Depigmentation of skin and hair - Bone demineralization - Neutropenia (impaired immunity)

Question 66

Symptoms of Cu toxicity

Answer 66

- Nausea - Vomiting - Gastric pain - Jaundice - Kidney damage (little to no urine output)

Question 67

Genetic condition that causes an inability to excrete Cu (therefore Cu toxicity). What is the hallmark symptom of this condition?

Answer 67

Wilson's disease Kayser-Fleischer rings around the cornea

Question 68

RQ: Which AOX enzyme required both Zn and Cu?

Answer 68

Cytosolic superoxide dismutase

Question 69

RQ: Supplements of __________ decrease Cu absorption, while ________ supplements increase Cu excretion

Answer 69

Zn decreases Cu absorption Molybdenum increase Cu secretion

Question 70

RQ: Genetic disorder associated with an increase in Cu excretion leading to deficiency

Answer 70

Menkes syndrome

Question 71

Functions of Fluoride

Answer 71

1) Prevention of dental caries | 2) Bone health

Question 72

F facilitates crystallization of __ and ___ as ______, which is more acid resistant than hydroxyapatite

Answer 72

Ca P Fluoroapatite

Question 73

T/F Fluoride can decrease vertebral fracture risk by 70% and nonvertebral fracture risk by 50%

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Sources of F

Answer 74

- Fluoridated water - Fluoridated toothpaste - Tea (depends on brew and type = black > green > white)

Question 75

T/F Fluoridation has only decreased cavities by 15%

Answer 75

FALSE. | It has decreased cavities by >50%

Question 76

F deficiency symptoms

Answer 76

- Dental caries | - Osteoporosis

Question 77

Chronic symptoms of Fluorosis

Answer 77

Fluorosis = Fluoride toxicity - Mottling of teeth - Pitting of bones

Question 78

Acute symptoms of Fluorosis

Answer 78

- Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Heart arrhythmias - Death