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Bio > Exam 2 Lecture 10-11 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 10-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of a tardigrade?

A

-phylum of animals and microscopic ( <1mm)
-Cosmopolitan- found in all habitats
-segmented and simple head
-4 pairs of lobopodal ( unjointed) legs
->1300 described species

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2
Q

cyptobiosis

A

state of extreme inactivity that allows organisms to survive in harsh environments

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3
Q

Tun state is described as what?

A

State to survive desiccation
-body appears to be a lifeless ball.

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4
Q

what are they resistant to?

A

Environmental extremes, temperature extremes
pressure extremes
and radiation

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5
Q

phylogenetic tree parts ( 5)

A

-Tip
-Taxa
-Root
-Branch
-Node

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6
Q

Define tip

A

the most recent part of the tree

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7
Q

Define taxa

A

the named groups ( clades)

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8
Q

Define root

A

the most ancient part

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9
Q

Define branch

A

Single evolutionary line

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10
Q

Node

A

Common ancestor where the branches converge

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11
Q

Define polytomy in a phylogenetic tree?

A

Unresolved relationship

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12
Q

Species Tree are what?
Taxons are represented how many times?

A

Phylogenies that show the relationship among organisms
- taxon’s represented A SINGLE TIME only

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13
Q

Gene trees are what?
Species are represented how many times?

A

Phylogenies that show relationships among genes
-each species represented multiple times on a single tree

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14
Q

Orthologs are what?
-example ( HOX genes)

A

pair of homologous genes which have emerged via speciation event

  • example HOX 1 in B. floridae and HOX 1 in M. musculus trace their ancestry to a single HOX1 gene in the last common ancestor of these two species
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15
Q

Orthologs are found in what…

A

Different species

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16
Q

Define paralogs with an example ( HOX gene)

A

Pair of homologous genes which have emerged through a gene duplication event
-HOX 1 and HOX 2 in B.floridae traces their ancestor to a gene duplication event

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17
Q

Paralogs are found where?

A

In the same Genome

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18
Q

Paralogs emerge via 2 events.. what are those two events?

A

-Unequal crossing over
-Whole Genome duplication

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19
Q

During Paralogs unequal crossing over
define homologous recombination

A

homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal physical changes of DNA during Prophase 1 of meiosis ( crossing over)

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20
Q

During Paralog unequal crossing over
Define unequal crossing over
and what it can lead to?

A

An error during homologous recombination
Due to misalignment of chromosomes which leads to gene deletion or duplication

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21
Q

During paralogs
Define non-disjunction

A

the failure to complete anaphase during meiosis 1 OR 2

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22
Q

During non-disjunction describe what fails in meiosis 1 and 2

A

Meiosis 1- failure to separate homologous chromosomes
Meiosis 2- Sister chromatids fail to separated

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23
Q

During paralogs
Define whole genome duplication

A

Major mutation that occurs when an ENTIRE set of chromosomes is duplicated in a cell

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24
Q

Whole Genome duplication ( in paralogs) results in what?

A

Polyploidy- more than 2 sets of each chromosome type

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25
Whole genome duplication ( in paralogs) is caused by what? ( 3 things)
1.) Nondisjunction 2.) cytokinesis failure 3.) multiple fertilizations
26
Whole genome duplication ( in paralogs) is caused by 3 things. of these three is cytokinesis failure Define cytokinesis failure
Failure of the cytoplasm of a single cell to physically divide into two separate daughter cells during meiosis or mitosis
27
Whole genome duplication ( in paralogs) is caused by 3 things. of these three is Multiple fertilization. Define Multiple Fertilization?
Literal definition- of multiple fertilizations of eggs/ovule by sperm/pollen grains
28
CENTRAL DOGMA of molecular biology is what?
A theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
29
Different alleles are coded for what?
Slightly different proteins with slightly different functions
30
Central dogma consist of 3 processes. what are they?
1.) transcription 2.) translation 3.) DNA replication
31
Define translation? - specific RNA - what does it code for
The process where RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA) codes for proteins
32
Define transcription
a synthesis of RNA molecule -DNA is copied to RNA.
33
In transcription Define template strand
DNA strand that acts as a template for synthesis based on complementarity of nucleotides
34
In transcription Define coding strand
Carries genetic code for protein synthesis
35
DNA complementations to what?
RNA
36
What are the complementation's from DNA to RNA ( A,C,G,T)
A-U, T-A, G-C, C-G
37
complementation's are determined by what type of bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
38
In transcription Define RNA polymerase
an ENZYME that synthesizes RNA
39
RNA is synthesized in what direction
5'-3'
40
DNA is synthesized in what direction
3'-5'
41
Nucleotides have [blank #1] triphosphate groups and [blank#2] hydroxyl groups what are the blank numbers?
1.) 5' 2.) 3'
42
Phosphodiester bonds form between what?
3'OH and of RNA transcript strand and 5' triphosphate group of incoming RNA nucleotide by RNA polymerase.
43
Define Transcription Factor and what it influences?
regulatory protein that binds to DNA near the promoter of a gene to influence transcription
44
Define homeodomain
60 Amino acid long DNA binding region of these particular transcription factors
45
Transcription factors influence what? ( Hint; think of the 3 W's)
1.) WHEN 2.)WHERE 3.)HOW much a gene is transcribed
46
Transcription factors bind to what and where?
binds to transcription factor binding sites near the promoter
47
Define transcription factor binding site
the specific DNA sequence to which a transcription factor binds
48
Define promoter
A region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to transcription
49
Define RNA polymerase II
Enzyme that synthesizes specifically mRNA
50
what is gene expression and what does it pattern for?
When, where, and how much gene is transcribed - patterns for developmental transcription factors underlie anatomical patterns
51
How do we detect gene expression patterns?
HCR ( hybridization chain reaxtion) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
52
HCR-FISH is a method that does what?
Labels specific mRNA targets with fluorescent molecules ( called fluorophores)
53
HCR-FISH enables what?
Detection of single mRNA molecules
54
What is a flurorphore
Emits light when it is excited by a laser with a specific wavelength of a light
55
In HCR-FISH define initiator probe
DNA molecule that is complementary to target RNA, so binds to it
56
What does the initiator probe include?
a tail that is complementary to part of the second DNA molecule called amplifier probe A, so they bind
57
In HCR-FISH define amplifier probe A
tail that's complementary to part of amplifier probe B so they bind
58
In HCR-FISH define amplifier probe B
tail that's complimentary to amplifier probe A so they bind
59
Each amplifier probe carries what
a fluorphore
60
what is the outcome of HCR-FISH
a fluorescent single strong enough that we can detect the location of a single mRNA molecule
61
In developmental transcription factors -they interact in what?
In complex regulatory networks
62
In developmental transcription factors -these factors regulate what? ( what happens during development )
expression of other transcription factors - get more complex through development
63
Complex expression patterns underlie development of complex anatomical patterns by doing what?
controlling cell proliferation and shape change.

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