exam 2 Lecture 7-8

Question 1

Genes definition

Answer 1

Made of DNA

Question 2

DNA forms what?

Answer 2

Double-stranded helix

Question 3

Define Chromosomes

Answer 3

Made of many genes and intergenic DNA that lies between the genes

Question 4

Genomes are made up of what?

Answer 4

Several chromosomes

Question 5

Where is the Genome found?

Answer 5

The nucleus

Question 6

Define Homologous Chromosomes?

Answer 6

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order with slight variation

Question 7

Define Diploid

Answer 7

Two of each HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes ( 1 from mom 1 from dad)

Question 8

Diploid cells are found in what cell?

Answer 8

ALL somatic cells

Question 9

Define haploid cells?

Answer 9

One copy of each homologous chromosomes.

Question 10

Define Meiosis and what it produces? examples?

Answer 10

Type of cell division. produces haploid gametes from diploid germlines
EX: Sperm + Egg, Pollen + Ovules

Question 11

Meiosis is requirement for what?

Answer 11

Sexual reproduction

Question 12

In a question about cell division what does the variable n refer to?

Answer 12

The number of different types of homologous chromosomes.

Question 13

Broad steps for meiosis

Answer 13

1.) Interphase
2.) Meiosis 1
3.) meiosis 3

Question 14

define interphase

Answer 14

Each chromosome is replicated to produce two sister chromatids

Question 15

Define chromatid

Answer 15

one parental strand and one synthesized DNA strand each

Question 16

What happens in Meiosis 1?

Answer 16

Homologous chromosomes seperate.

Question 17

What happens in meiosis 2?

Answer 17

Sister chromatids separate.

Question 18

Define centeromere

Answer 18

a constricted region of a chromosome

Question 19

Define tetrad

Answer 19

Pair of homologous chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids each connected at the centromere

Question 20

Define Spindle fibers( and what structure is it?)

Answer 20

Protein structures that attach the kinetochore to centrosome

Question 21

Define kinetochore ( and what complex is it?)

Answer 21

Protein complex that forms at the centromere

Question 22

Define centrosome?

Answer 22

Small organelle like structure with TWO centrioles

Question 23

Define Allele? How did it originate?

Answer 23

Different version of the same gene.
Originated from a mutation

Question 24

Define zygote

Answer 24

Diploid single-celled first stage of a diploid multicellular organisms existence

Question 25

What does mitosis produce?

Answer 25

Multicellular complex organisms from a simple zygote

Question 26

Define phenotype

Answer 26

Observable trait of an organism

Question 27

Define Dominate Phenotype

Answer 27

The phenotype that is seen in an offspring when true breeding

Question 28

Define Recessive phenotype

Answer 28

The phenotype that is typically not seen in offspring when true breeding ( unless you get rr )

Question 29

Define Discrete phenotype

Answer 29

They do not blend. You will see BOTH phenotypes

Question 30

Define Genotype

Answer 30

Combination of alleles in a genome

Question 31

Define Homozygous Genotype

Answer 31

2 alleles in the genome are IDENTICAL

Question 32

Define Heterozygous genotype

Answer 32

2 alleles in the genomes are DIFFERENT

Question 33

Define species

Answer 33

a group of INDIVIDUAL organisms that interbreed and reproduce

Question 34

Individuals of a single species display what? Example; think of dog breeds

Answer 34

Extreme phenotypic differnces.

Question 35

Two different species can exhibit what? and give example.

Answer 35

Similarities example: African fish eagle and bald eagle... look the same but two different species

Question 36

Define reproductive barriers and list two examples

Answer 36

Separates species. -Prezygotic barrier -Postzygotic barrier

Question 37

Prezygotic barrier and example.

Answer 37

Mechanism that prevents zygote formation. example; F. heteroclitus Females prefer F. heteroclitus males

Question 38

Postzygotic barriers and example.

Answer 38

A mechanisms that occurs after zygote formation example; LOW developmental success of hybrids produces by F. heteroclitus females.

Question 39

How do species form?

Answer 39

Speciation!

Question 40

Define speciation

Answer 40

Formation of two species from one original species.

Question 41

Define allopatric speciation with examples

Answer 41

Involves geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution. example; Hawaiian honeycreepers and honeycreepers

Question 42

Define sympatric speciation

Answer 42

speciation within the same space

Question 43

Define population genetics

Answer 43

Study of how evolutionary forces shape allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population.

Question 44

Define Gene pool

Answer 44

sum of ALL allele in the population.

Question 45

Define allele frequency

Answer 45

rate at which a specific allele appears w/in a population

Question 46

Define Genotype frequency

Answer 46

rate at which a specific genotype appears w/in a population

Question 47

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state?

Answer 47

Population allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable unless some kind of evolutionary force is acting upon the population.

Question 48

HW-equilibrium equation calculates what?

Answer 48

Allele frequencies can be used to calculate genotype frequencies and vice versa.

Question 49

Examples of Evolutionary forces for HW-equilibrium equation

Answer 49

Natural selection Genetic drift Mutation Migration

Question 50

HW equilibrium equation

Answer 50

p^2+ 2pq+q^2=1