Exam 2 - Lecture 3 Flashcards
1
Q
3 pressure sensor sensory receptors he circled on lecture
A
Free nerve endings, Pacinian Corpuscle and Meissner’s Corpuscle, turn physical force into electrical signal.
2
Q
Another name for adaptation
A
Reset
3
Q
Pain receptors have _______ adaptation.
A
Reverse.
More painful stimulus youre subjected to, those receptors become MORE sensitive.
4
Q
Addiction to pain meds starts when?
A
When you take it for a time other than pain
5
Q
Important to _____ before it gets out of control
A
Tackle pain.
6
Q
Best way to prevent ramping up process of pain before it starts is to:
A
Create a nerve block in the body to prevent the pain before being transmitted, and reverse adaptation wont happen.
Once reverse adaptation starts, its very difficult but not impossible to stop.
7
Q
How is the body positioned during directional nomenclature?
A
Standing straight up with palms faced out
8
Q
Super/inferior
A
altitude…..
Head/feet
9
Q
Dorsal/ventral
A
Back-posterior/Front-anterior
10
Q
Medial/Lateral
A
Midline/side
11
Q
Rostral/caudal
A
Front upper/lower rear, also called caudad
used in neurosurgical procedures to describe where they are moving
12
Q
Distal/proximal
A
Further/closer to CNS
13
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Separates left/right side of body
14
Q
Coronal plane
A
Separates front from back
15
Q
Horizontal plane
A
Magician would cut in half, superior from inferior
16
Q
Oblique plane
A
goofy/odd angle
17
Q
Telencephalon
A
Outer part of brain, vast majority of cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, commissures, basal ganglia
18
Q
Diencephalon
A
inner area of brain, serves as connecting point between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem.
Thalamus, hypothalamus (under)
19
Q
Thalamus ends up being an important _______ between _____________.
A
important relay center between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem/rest of body
20
Q
Thalamus is in charge of:
A
receiving information and sending it to rest of body
21
Q
Hypothalamus is super important for:
A
Sensory and control center such as osmoreceptors, infection sensors, temp sensors.
22
Q
Brain stem divided into 3 parts:
A
Top: mid brain aka mesencephalon
Mid: pons, olive shaped structure in middle of brain stem
Bottom: medulla oblongata
Beneath that: cord
23
Q
Sulcus
A
Grooves in brain
24
Q
Gyrus
A
lumps of brain, separated by sulcus
“Gie-Rye” plural for gyrus
25
Fissure
Really really deep groove
26
Frontal lobe
-Most of our thinking
27
Parietal lobe
Behind frontal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex such as feeling pressure, sometimes pain.
28
Occipital lobe
Vision processing, back of brain
29
Central Sulcus
very deep groove thats the main anatomical marker between frontal and parietal lobe, between thinking and sensation.
30
Temporal lobe
sides of brain where ears are, process auditory. language comprehension, listening to music.
31
Lateral sulcus
Temporal/lateral fissure, separating temporal lobe from other structures (frontal and parietal lobes)
32
Longitudinal fissure
Deep groove separating left and right hemispheres, can be seen from inferior view or coronal (basicallly cutting through sagittal plane)
33
Groove that separates occipital from parietal
NONE
34
one side of brain talks to other side of brain through _________, which is a limited pathway
Corpus callosum
35
Cross-talk
One side of the brain talking to other side through corpus callosum
36
Why is corpus callosum a lighter color?
Lots of myelinated neurons for passing information.
37
Wernicke's area
Temporal lobe, language processing.
38
Broca's area
Speaking (thinking), frontal lobe.
39
Motor cortex
Frontal lobe, cause youre thinking about it. Its the area anterior to central sulcus (aka precentral gyrus), most posterior part of frontal lobe.
40
Planning happens in
Anterior portion of frontal lobe.`
41
Somatosensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus, anterior part of parietal lobe.
42
Precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex, right in front of central sulcus.
43
Limbic system
Behavior, emotions, motivation, found mostly in temporal lobe but also in other areas of brain.
44
Spinal cord diameter
size of a quarter, fairly small.
45
Darker/whiter areas of spinal cord
Grey matter/White matter
due to presence of myelinated neurons, which are mostly present in white matter.
46
Grey matter has ________ myelin.
Alot less myelin, but still present.
47
Cell bodies dont have ______ on them.
Myelin, so they will be mostly in grey matter.
48
Decisions are made in:
Cell bodies in grey matter
49
Thinking part of CNS
Grey matter
50
Transmitting of decisions in CNS
White matter
51
In brain, dark matter is found
Superficial to white matter on outside of cerebral hemispheres, which is odd cause rest of body has decision making structures deep.
52
What is the good part about grey matter being superficial?
Blood vessels that supply the brain are superficial so they get fed nutrients easier.
53
Downsides of superficial grey matter
Head injuries are easier to damage grey matter and wont have processing power we once had.
54
Whats the buffer for the brain in physical injuries?
CSF.
55
Concussion
Grey areas hitting the walls of the brain
56
Brain adapts to injuries but:
Its not perfect and wont be the same i.e. a stroke
57
Rear/posterior side of cord
Top side.
58
Front/anterior side of cord
Bottom side
59
Information moving one side to another of spinal cord is limited, with small area of white and grey matter connecting each side, what are the names of these areas?
Grey matter: Lamina 10
White matter: Anterior white commissure (AWC)
60
Commissure means
Connecting, also called x-over.
61
Top groove in spinal cord
Posterior median sulcus/fissure.
62
Bottom groove in spinal cord
Anterior median fissure/sulcus
63
Which median fissure is wider? Why?
Anterior, arterial vessel is parked in front of it.
64
Dead center of grey matter in lamina 10 is called?
Central canal, lined with ciliated cells to move CSF up and down spinal cord.
65
Where is CSF produced?
Brain
66
Is this diameter of central canal the same throughout the spinal cord?
No, its wider at the top and skinnier at the bottom.
67
CSF movement direction
made in brain, cilia cells forward fresh CSF down the central canal, out the bottom and then it surrounds/maintains environment around spinal cord.
68
Grey matter in spinal cord looks like
Butterfly
69
Dorsal horns
Posterior grey matter in cord
Sensory information is fed into the back of the cord, into dorsal horns
70
Ventral horns
Anterior grey matter in cord
Motor function comes out of ventral horn.
71
Cell bodies in dorsal horn have
Sensory function
72
Cell bodies in ventral horn have
Motor function
73
Epidurals are made easier by what?
Sensory function being in back of spinal cord in dorsal horns
74
Lateral horns
Not to be worried about, but be aware. small projections between dorsal and ventral horns.
75
Feed vessels for spinal circulation come from
branches of intercostal arteries
76
Where does cord perfusion come from?
Intercostal arteries that connect with spinal arteries.
Feed vessels also come from top of cord near brain stem and upper neck.
77
We have autoregulation of _____ and ________.
Brain blood flow and spinal cord blood flow
78
Posterior spinal arteries are on
each side
79
Anterior spinal artery is
Sits in anterior median fissure
80
Spinal veins are mostly similar to arteries except
posterior spinal vein is in middle and not sides
81
information sent into back of cord is sent through
Posterior rootlets from posterior root with spinal ganglion
82
Coverage for this class ends at
Peripheral Spinal nerves
83
Motor function sent out the ventral horn is sent into
Anterior rootlets to anterior root
84
When sensory comes into posterior spinal cord into dorsal horns, where does it go to reach the brain?
Hops over to white matter to be sent to brain
85
What direction does sensory enter cord?
Horizontally
86
Sensory stuff is sent ______ to brain stem and brain
Ascending pathway/column
87
Where are ascending columns in cord?
Moslty in rear, few in superficial anterior section and lateral sections of cord
88
posterior rootlets
Individual strands of groups of fibers
89
Root
Where rootlets all come together, both in anterior/posterior.
90
Where both roots come together?
Spinal nerve
91
Spinal nerves are gonna have:
Mix sensory and motor function
92
Unique structure of posterior root
Big lump, it's a collection of cell bodies from psuedounipolar sensory neurons, called a spinal ganglion.
93
Descending pathways/columns
Mostly lateral on each sides of cord, some in anterior part around anterior median sulcus.
94
Cervical spine characteristics
7 vertebra, 8 pairs of spinal nerves coming off cord.
95
How are C1 pairs of spinal nerves unique
They come out above the vertebra, while the rest come out the bottom of the vertebra.
96
Thoracic spine characteristics
12 vertebrae, 12 pairs that come out underneath each vertebra.
97
Lumbar spine characteristics
5 vertebra, 5 pairs coming out underneath each vertebra.
98
Sacral spine characteristics
Originally starts with 5 vertebra at birth, but they eventually fuse into sacrum as solid bone but have 5 pairs of nerves that orinate below where vertebra originally were.
99
Coccygeal
Below sacrum, start off with 4 vertebra, fuse into 2, ONE pair of spinal nerves.
100
Dermatomes
Where spinal nerves are covering sensory fields on body.
101
Dermatome man
Man bending over at waist with hands towards the floor.
102
S-shaped spine with discs serves as
Springy structure absorbing shock.
103
Cervical spine curvature
Lordosis, anterior curvature, convex from the front view
104
Thoracic spine curvature
Kyphosis, posterior curvature, concave from front view
105
Lumbar spine curvature
Lordosis, anterior curvature, convex
106
Sacral spine curvature
Kyphosis, posterior curvature, concave
107
Abnormal curvature causes what? Where is most common?
Affects shock absorption. Thoracic kyphosis as you get super old, think hunchback lady walking across the street.
108
What kind of curvature are you born with?
Overall whole spine is a kyphotic curvature, C-spine and L-spine lordosis curvature forms later to form "S" shape.
109
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature (left-right)
110
People may not even know they have this abnormal curvature:
Scoliosis
111
Most common combination of abnormal curvature
Kyphos-scoliosis
112
What is difficult before full s-shaped spine is formed?
Difficult to balance, hold head up, and walk with complete kyphotic curvature
113
Verterbral body
Weight supporting structure of spine, where discs sit on.
114
Size of vertebral body is
Smaller up top, bigger down low due to how much weight they are supporting.
115
Much more _______ vertebral bodies at base of spine compared to superior parts of spine.
Robust.
116
U shaped structure that encases the cord is called
Vertebral arch
117
Part of arch that connect to vertebral body
Pedicle
118
Bottom of u-shaped arch is called
Lamina
119
Process is a
Bony extension, palpable markers you can feel
120
Spinous process
Comes off the bottom of arch, palpable.
121
Transverse process
Comes off each side laterally of arch near pedicle
122
Superior articular process
Extending superiorly from each side of arch, connecting to inferior articular process of above vertebra.
123
Articular/articulate means
connecting one thing to another
124
Inferior vertebral notch? where is it and what is its purpose?
Underneath pedicle, where the spinal nerve exits on each side.
125
Joint connecting inferior and super articular process
Facet joint, pronounced "fuh-set"
called inferior articular facet, has cartilage on it
126
Vertebral foramen
Where cord and nerve roots are. Foramen is an opening.
127
Cervical vertebrae foramen?
- Large vertebral foramen due to larger spinal cord at top with more information
128
Unique foramen for cervical spine
Transverse foramen laterally on each side of vertebral body. Houses vertebral bodies C1-C6, C7 has artery on outside even though it has a foramen for it.
129
Does C1 still have superior articular facet?
Yes
130
Cervical spinous process
C2-C5 are bifid
C6 is bifid half the time
C7 is single spinous process, rare 0.3% have bifid
131
Transverse process has _______ for ______ to hangout in
Sulcus/divot/groove/hollowed out area for spinal nerves
132
4 arteries for the brain, where are they?
2 of them are in posterior, in transverse processes in C-spine, and 2 of them are anterior which are carotid arteries.
