Exam #2 (Lecture 7)

Question 1

-formed by the union of ventral and dorsal nerve roots

Answer 1

spinal nerve root:

Question 2

________-primarily efferent (outgoing) axons -_________ commands

Answer 2

ventral nerve root; motor

Question 3

-afferent (incoming) dendrites, with cell body in dorsal root ganglion.

-sensory or motor?

Answer 3

dorsal nerve roots; sensory

Question 4

Where does the ventral and the dorsal nerve root join together?

Answer 4

near or within the ventral intervertebral foramen

Question 5

The ventral and dorsal nerve roots come together at the intervertebral foramen forming the _________

Answer 5

spinal nerve root

Question 6

How many c-spine spinal nerves are there?

Answer 6

8 cervical spinal nerves

Question 6

How many t-spine spinal nerves are there?

Answer 6

12 thoracic spinal nerves

Question 7

There are a total of ______ spinal nerves?

Answer 7

31 spinal nerves

Question 8

How are spinal nerves named in the C-spine?

Answer 8

named is based on above named vertebra level

Question 9

How are spinal nerves named in the T-spine?

Answer 9

named is based on below named vertebra level

Question 10

1st nerve roots exits between ________ and _________

Answer 10

occipital bone and posterior arch of C1 (atlas)

Question 11

8th spinal nerves exits between _______ and ______

Answer 11

C7 and T1

Question 12

All cervical nerves exit superior to their perspective vertebra. T or F

Answer 12

False; exit inferior

Question 13

__________-forms nerves; innervates muscles, joints, the skin of the _______ lateral trunk and neck, and the extremities

Answer 13

ventral ramus; anterior

Question 14

________(smaller) forms nerves; innervates muscles, joints and skin of _______ trunk and neck

Answer 14

dorsal ramus; posterior

Question 15

What branch off the spinal nerve root innervates intercostals and abdominal muscles?

Answer 15

ventral ramus (anterior)

Question 16

What branch off the spinal nerve root innervates trunk extensor muscles such as erector spinae and multifidi?

Answer 16

dorsal ramus (posteiror)

Question 17

The ventral and dorsal ramus also innervates ligaments and connective tissues. T or F?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The ventral rami innervates what two plexi?

Answer 18

Cervical (C1-C4) and Brachial (C5-T1)

Question 19

What nerve innervates the diaphragm and which plexus does it come from?

-nerve roots?

Answer 19

Phrenic N. C3-C5; cervical plexus

Question 20

Each of the 12 ventral rami (of thoracic nerve roots) form ____________ nerves which innervates both an intercostal ________ and _________ in the same space.

Answer 20

intercostal nerves; dermatome and muscles

Question 21

Does T1 contribute to both the brachial plexus and the intercostal nerve? True or False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

-a single recurrent nerve branches off proximally- sensory/sympathetic supply to the spinal cord and connective tissues to intervertebral joint (PLL, ALL)

Answer 22

recurrent meningeal nerves

Question 23

The recurrent meningeal nerves are important because it supplies many areas, one being

Answer 23

the outer 1/3 of the annular fibers of the disc

Question 24

Why is it important that the recurrent meningeal nerves supply the outer 1/3 of the annular fibers of the disc?

Answer 24

the nerve fibers are sensory and carry pain signals to the brain when the tissue is damaged.

Question 25

The recurrent meningeal n. branches off the ventral or dorsal rami?

Answer 25

ventral rami

Question 26

What are the 3 main cervical nerves of the dorsal rami?

Answer 26

C1-suboccipital n. C2-greater occipital n. C3-third occipital nerves (TON)

Question 27

What is the function of suboccipital nerves (C1) --primarily?

Answer 27

--innervates all suboccipital muscles EXCEPT obliquus capitis inferior --primarliy MOTOR --innervates rectus capitis posterior minor rectus capitis posterior major obliquus capitis superior

Question 28

What is the function of the greater occipital n.? contributes to?

Answer 28

LARGEST dorsal rami- innervates local muscles contriubutes to C2 and C3 (sensory to scalp)

Question 29

What is the function of the Third Occciptal N.

Answer 29

-a branch of the posterior root of C3 -provides cutaneous sensation to a small portion of the occipital scalp -innervates the C2/C3 facets

Question 30

Which of the following dorsal rami nerves is the main sensory nerve to the occipital area and has been associated with various P! syndromes such as occipital neuralgia, cervicogenic headaches, and migraines?

Answer 30

Greater Occipital N. (GON)

Question 31

The GON cuts through the _____________ muscles and associated with _________

Answer 31

semispinalis capitis and various P! syndromes such as HAs

Question 32

_______ activation usually produces pure flexion or extension of the axial skeleton

Answer 32

bilateral

Question 33

_______ activation tends to produce flexion or extension of the axial skeleton with some combination of lateral flexion and contralateral or ipsilateral axial rotation

Answer 33

unilateral

Question 34

any potential of lateral flexion or axial rotation is __________ by opposing forces in contralateral forces. What activation?

Answer 34

neutralized; bilateral activation

Question 35

What does the action of a muscle in the axial skeleton depend on?

Answer 35

degree of fixation/stabalization of the attachment of the muscles

Question 36

What are the deep layers of the back muscles?

Answer 36

-erector spinae (superficial) -transversospinal (intermediate) -short segment (deep)

Question 37

What are the erector spinal muscles?

Answer 37

-iliocostalis (thoracis, cervics) -longissimus (thoracis,cervicis) -spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

Question 38

What are the transversospinal muscles?

Answer 38

-semispinalis (thoracic,cervicis,capitis) -multifidus -rotatores (brevis/longus)

Question 39

What are the short segment muscles?

Answer 39

-interspinales -intertransversarius

Question 40

What muscles are in the anterior lateral craniocervical region? (6)

Answer 40

-SCM -Scalenes (ant/med/post) -Longus colli -Longus capitis -Rectus capitis anterior -Rectus capitis lateralis (capital flexion muscles and cervical flexion muscles)

Question 41

What are the primary actions of the SCM: (4)

Answer 41

-lateral flexor -contralateral rotation -bilateral flexion -a small extensor torque

Question 42

What CN is the SCM innervated by?

Answer 42

CN 11: accessory n.

Question 43

SCM: --origin: --instertion:

Answer 43

-manubrium of the sternum -mastoid process

Question 44

What are the primary actions of the ant/med scalenes?

Answer 44

-lift the first rib -laterally flex the C/S ipsilaterally

Question 45

What Cervical Spinal N. innervates the ant/med scalenes?

Answer 45

C4-C6

Question 46

Ant/Med Scalenes: origin? insertion?

Answer 46

-anterior tubercle of TP (C3-C6) -first rib inner border

Question 47

What are the primary actions of the posterior scalene?

Answer 47

-lifts the second rib -laterally flexes the C/S ipsilaterally

Question 48

Posterior Scalene: origin: insertion:

Answer 48

-posterior tubercle of TPs (C5-C7) -second rib

Question 49

The posterior scalene is the smallest and the deepest of the scalene muscles. T or F

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Ant/Med/Pos Scalenes' main roles are ______ and to lower and middle C/spine and _______

Answer 50

stability; ventilation

Question 51

The brachial plexus run between the ______ and ____ scalenes.

Answer 51

ant/med

Question 52

Muscles? -deep to the trachea and esophagus **function as a dynamic anterior lateral ligament (ALL) vertical stability**

Answer 52

Longus Colli/Capitis

Question 53

What are the primary actions of the longus colli?

Answer 53

-flex/reduce cervical lordosis

Question 54

What structures does the Longus Colli attach to:

Answer 54

-ant. T1-3 -all cervical vertebrae bodies, -TPs, -anterior arch of C1 (atlas)

Question 55

What rami are the neck muscles innervated by?

Answer 55

ventral rami

Question 56

Capital extension --anterior or posterior? --muscles (8)

Answer 56

--posterior (EXTENORS) -- "suboccipital muscles": rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior -- splenius capitis -- erector spinae: longissimus capitis and spinalis capitis -- transversospinal: semispinalis capitis

Question 57

Cervical extension: - muscles: --superficial (1) -- erector spinae (3) -- transversospinal (1)

Answer 57

- muscles: EXTENSORS -splenius cervicis -spinalis cervicis -longissimus cervicis -Illiocostalis cervicis -semispinalis cervicis

Question 58

Capital flexion: - muscles -- anterior-lateral craniocervical (3)

Answer 58

-- rectus capitis lateralis --rectus capitis anterior --longus capitis

Question 59

Cervical flexion: -muscles -- anterior-lateral craniocervical (3) --posterior or anterior?

Answer 59

-- anterior-lateral craniocervical region: SCM, scalenes, longus colli ---anterior

Question 60

Splenius capitis: Origin? Insertion?

Answer 60

--spinous process (C7-T3) --attaches occipital bone

Question 61

Splenius cervicis: Origin? Insertion? Shared with_____ muscles?

Answer 61

--spinous process (T3-T6) --posterior tubercles of TPs (C1-C3) --Shared w/levator scapulae

Question 62

Functions of Splenius capitis & cervicis: Unilaterally: Bilaterally:

Answer 62

--lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation --bilaterally extends the upper craniocervical region

Question 63

What muscles are very deep in the neck, superficial to OA and AA?

Answer 63

suboccipital muscles

Question 64

What do the suboccipital muscles attach? (3)

Answer 64

atlas,axis and occipital bone

Question 65

What is one of the primary functions of the suboccipital muscles?

Answer 65

providing precise control over OA and AA

Question 66

The suboccipital muscles have a _______ amount of muscles spindles?

Answer 66

large

Question 67

The suboccipital mm. neural feedback assists with:

Answer 67

-balance -eye and head coordination

Question 68

What is the primary function of the posterior and lateral neck musculature?

Answer 68

-protects the cervical viscera,blood vessels, discs, facet joints, neural tissue

Question 69

Co-contractions of flexors/extensors in posterior and lateral neck musculature are ideally for _______

Answer 69

stability

Question 70

Prolonged FHP can result in abnormal ________ and ________ . PT implications?

Answer 70

extension and flexion fix mechanics

Question 71

What are the primary msucles for cervical rotation? (3)

Answer 71

--longus colli --SCM --Ant. Scalenes