EXAM 2 Module 3 Flashcards
1
Q
all senses go to the thalamus except…
A
smell
2
Q
___ does not have separate receptor cells; they are __________ instead
A
smell; olfactory receptor neurons
3
Q
overall outline of nervous system
A
sensory receptor
sensory input (afferent)
integration center (brain/spinal cord)
motor output (efferent)
effector
4
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain
spinal cord
(integration centers)
5
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
sensory input
motor output
6
Q
sensory inputs (afferent/efferent?)
A
afferent
7
Q
motor outputs (afferent/efferent?)
A
efferent
8
Q
functional organization of the sensory system
A
physical stimulus (reaches threshold)
receptors (transduction, AP)
afferent neurons (conduction)
brain (processing, AP)
perception
9
Q
conscious interpretation of the external world
A
perception
10
Q
conversion of one form of energy to into another
A
transduction
11
Q
sensory receptor arrangements
A
free nerve endings (dendrites)
*specialized nerve endings on primary afferent neurons (encapsulated)
*specialized receptor cells associated with primary afferent neurons
12
Q
vision sensory receptors
A
photoreceptors (rods, cones)
13
Q
hearing and touch sensory receptors
A
mechanoreceptors (hearing, touch)
nociceptors (pain)
thermoreceptors (temperature)
14
Q
smell and taste sensory receptors
A
chemoreceptors
15
Q
graded response to a stimulus that may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
A
receptor potential
16
Q
response is proportional to stimulus intensity
A
graded
17
Q
receptor potential has a threshold in stimulus _____ that must be reached to trigger an AP
A
amplitude
18
Q
receptor potential involves opening or closing of specific ________ in receptor membrane
A
ion channels
19
Q
receptor potentials can work to trigger an AP within the ______ or _______
A
same cell; adjacent cell
20
Q
receptor potential transduction current typically carried by _____
A
Na+
21
Q
stimulus that occurs when a cell’s membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting potential, less likely to fire AP
A
hyperpolarized
22
Q
ex: when it gets dark and photoreceptors in retina respond
A
hyperpolarization stimulus
23
Q
stimulus that occurs when a cell’s membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive), more likely to fire an AP
A
depolarized
24
Q
ex: when you touch something hot and nociceptors in skin are activated
A
depolarization stimulus
25
receptor potential is propagated passively towards the neuron's ________
trigger zone
26
receptor potential threshold is around -___mV, and if it's reached, an AP will fire
-55mV
27
AP frequency _______ (changes/does not change?) AP amplitude
does not change
28
process where stronger stimuli excite more receptors and afferents
recruitment
29
process where interneurons suppress activity of neighboring neurons
lateral inhibition
30
lateral inhibition does what 2 things
increases contrast of sensory perception
sharpens perception of stimulus location
31
maximum pressure difference between zones of compression and rarefaction in sound waves
amplitude of sound wave
32
loudness of sound is directly related to ______
amplitude
33
pitch of sound is related to its ______
frequency
34
sound waves enter the __________
external auditory canal
35
when sound waves enter the external auditory canal, it causes the _________ at the end of canal to vibrate
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
36
outer ear structures
external auditory canal
37
middle ear structures (air filled space)
(in order)
eardrum
malleus
incus
stapes
38
inner ear structures (spiral shaped, fluid-filled space in temporal bone)
cochlea
39
3 chambers of cochlea divided lengthwise
scala vestiboli (innermost)
cochlear duct (middle)
scala tympani (outermost)
40
how hair cells transduce sound:
- cochlear duct is filled with fluid containing high _____
- when stereocillia bends in direction of the tallest stereocillium, tip links _______, K+ channels _____, K+ enters, cell ______, and ______ is released
- AP in _____ neurons
K+;
stretch; open; depolarizes; glutamate;
afferent
41
how hair cells transduce sound:
- when stereocillia bundle bends in direction of the shortest stereocillium, tip links _____, K+ channels _____, K+ current stops, cell _______, and neurotransmitter release _______
- basilar membrane vibration produces _________ of neurotransmitters by _______
slack; close; hyper polarizes; decreases/stops;
bursts of release; hair cells
42
louder sound related to higher __________
AP frequency
43
hair cells in ampulla during stimulation (depolarization)
bend in direction of tallest stereocillia
44
hair cells in ampulla during inhibition (hyperpolarization)
bend in direction of shortest stereocillia
45
hair cells in ampulla during resting activity
straight, not bent
46
effects of bending the stereocillia
- increase/decrease of neurotransmitter release from resting state
- increase/decrease of AP frequencies
- directions of the rotation and acceleration
47
nervous system pathway
receptors
AP
afferent neurons
brain
AP
efferent neurons
effector
48
nerve cells in the spinal cord that send their axons to innervate muscles
motor neurons
49
________ travel down the motor neuron and branch into many terminals near its target
APs
50
_________ is released in the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
51
motor neurons are the ___________ out of the CNS
final common pathway (efferent)
52
motor control hierarchy
starts with idea
high
- pre-command level, planning
- voluntary movements
middle
- projection level, instructions
- rhythmic motor patterns
low (local)
- segmental level, central pattern generators
- reflexes
ends with movement
53
motor control high level structures
cortical association cortex
cerebellum
basal ganglia
54
motor control middle level structures
motor cortex/brainstem
55
motor control low (local) level structures
spinal cord
interneurons
motor neurons
afferent neurons
56
afferent information about the position of the body and its parts in space
proprioreception
57
local level neurons receive motor programs from middle level and determine which motor neurons will be _________ and the _________
activated/inhibited; timing
58
motor neurons exit the CNS and project to the _______
muscles
59
all coordinated controls of muscles, timing, duration, and strength are through __________
motor neuron AP
60
reflex that involves only one synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron
monosynaptic
61
reflex that involves one or more synapse, meaning interneurons are involved in the pathway
polysynaptic
62
monosynaptic reflexes _______ the stretched muscle to ________
activate; contract
63
interneurons in polysynaptic reflexes release _______ signals onto the motor neurons of the antagonistic muscle
inhibitory
64
when the agonist muscle contracts (in response to stretch), the antagonistic muscle (muscle opposite to the stretched one) must _____ to allow smooth movement
relax
65
the activation of neurons to one muscle with the simultaneous inhibition of neurons to its antagonistic muscle
reciprocal innervation
66
feedback from muscle stretch receptors:
- muscle spindles detect changes in _______ and ________
muscle length; rate of stretch
67
feedback from muscle stretch receptors:
- afferent feedback: sensory neurons from muscle spindles transmit information about muscle length and rate of stretch to _____ and _____
spinal cord; brain
68
feedback from muscle stretch receptors:
- reflex pathways
- monosynaptic: ________ of stretched muscle to counteract the stretch
- polysynaptic: interneurons inhibit motor neurons of the ___________, allowing agonist muscle to contract freely
contraction; antagonistic muscle
69
the stretch reflex acts as a _______ feedback mechanism
negative
70
a form of electromagnetic radiation or waves
light
71
distance between successive peaks of EM radiation
wavelength
72
visible spectrum range, capable of stimulating the receptors of the eye
400-700nm
73
first rainbow color
violet (400nm)
74
colored part of eye
controls size of pupil and amount of light that enters eye
iris
75
allows light to get to retina
pupil
76
layer of tissue containing the photoreceptors
retina
77
axons of ganglion neurons in the retina that carry visual information to brain
optic nerve
78
light pathway through the retina
goes from front of retina to back of retina
inner layer to middle layer to outer layer
79
organization of the retina from front to back
axons of optic nerve
ganglion cells
amacrine cells
bipolar cells
horizontal cells
photoreceptors
80
who suffers from color blindness more (males/females?)
males
81
types of photo receptors in retina
rods and cones
82
segment that has membranous discs or folds with photopigments which absorb light
outer segment
83
segment that has basic cell machinery
inner segment
84
synaptic terminal releases ________ as neurotransmitter
glutamate
85
photoreceptor that responds to low light, has more photopigment, highly sensitive
rhodopsin
rod
86
photoreceptor that responds to bright light, less photopigment, low sensitivity, high visual acuity
photopsins
cone
87
T/F: photoreceptors are neurons
false - they are receptor cells
88
~10,000 in the lingual papillae (tongue)
taste buds
89
in taste buds, _________ respond to the presence of given chemicals resulting in neurotransmitter release
receptor proteins
90
tastants must be ________ in muscus to reach taste receptor cells
dissolved
91
pore allows saliva with ______ to contact gustatory/receptor cells
tastants
92
apical receptor cell membranes extend to _______
surface (hair/microvilli)
93
basal membranes contact and synapse with __________
primary afferents
94
5 taste submodalities
umami
sweet
bitter
sour
salty
95
gustation transduction for umami, sweet, and bitter
*G-protein coupled receptors
signal transduction pathway
ligand sensitive ion channels
receptor potential
AP in primary sensory neurons
96
gustation transduction for sour and salty
*ion channels
receptor potential
AP in primary sensory neurons
97
many different chemicals can generate the sensation of taste by differentially activating ________ basic types of taste receptors
one or more
98
measures electrical activity in the brain's neurons
EEG
99
EEG patterns are largely due to __________
synchronous graded potentials (postsynaptic potentials)
100
the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings
consciousness
101
states of consciousness
levels of alertness (awake, drowsy, or asleep)
102
conscious experiences
experiences a person is aware of (thoughts, feelings, perceptions) vs. (sleep walking, drunk)
103
part of the brain responsible for emotional reactions
limbic system (amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus)
104
reward pathway in the brain, associated with motivation
mesolimbic dopamine pathway
105
functions of sleep:
- sleep is _________ the rest of the body or brain
- sleep is important for conserving, strengthening, and modulating ______ in pathways involved in learning and memory
- sleep deprived people show deficiency in ________
- sleep is a ________ requirement like food and water, limit is __ days
much more than;
synapses;
memory retention;
homeostatic; 11
106
brain wave sleep patterns from lightest to deepest
beta
alpha
theta
delta
107
14-30 Hz
awake, alert
beta
108
8-13.9 Hz
pre-sleep, drowsiness
alpha
109
4-7.9 Hz
dreaming (REM)
theta
110
0.1-3.9 Hz
dreamless and deep sleep, totally unconscious
delta
111
beta -> alpha
become drowsy
112
alpha -> beta
become awake
EEG arousal
from deep to light sleep
113
EEG arousal is associated with the act of...
paying attention to a stimulus
114
theta waves begin to be interspersed among the alpha pattern
low amplitude, mixed frequency waves
stage N1 (light sleep)
115
high-frequency bursts called sleep spindles and large-amplitude K complexes occasionally interrupt the theta rhythm
high amplitude waves, high frequency
stage N2
116
delta waves first appear and gradually become dominant (slow-wave sleep)
high amplitude, low frequency
stage N3 (deep sleep)
117
REM sleep pattern is similar to _____
beta
118
uninterrupted sleep cycle
4-5 cycles, 90-100 mins
N1
N2
N3
back to N2
REM
119
where short term declarative memory occurs in brain
hippocampus and other limbic system structures
120
where long term declarative memory occurs in brain
many areas of association cortex
121
where short term procedural memory occurs in brain
widely distributed
122
where long term procedural memory occurs in brain
basal nuclei
cerebellum
sensorimotor cortex
123
L-dopa can increase...
dopaminergic activity
124
factors that affect receptor potential magnitude
stimulus strength
summation
receptor adaptation
(not AP)
125
what is associated with memory formation
long term potentiation
long term depression
altered gene expression
(not L-dopa conversion to dopamine)
