EXAM 4 MUST KNOW Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
renal corpuscle is comprised of…
A
glomerulus (glomerular capillaries)
Bowman’s capsule
2
Q
plasma filtration flow at renal corpuscle
A
from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule
3
Q
blood flows into the __________ within the renal corpuscle
A
afferent arteriole
4
Q
blood is filtered at the ________ within the renal corpuscle and leaves via the _______
A
glomerulus; efferent arteriole
5
Q
________ is the site of glomerular filtration
________ is the site of reabsorption and secretion
A
renal corpuscle;
the tubule
6
Q
purpose of vasa recta
A
surrounds loop of Henle
permeable to Na+ and water (reabsorbs)
makes sure blood is hypoosmotic
doesn’t wash away medullary osmotic gradient
7
Q
glomerular filtration substance movement
A
blood -> tubule
8
Q
tubular secretion substance movement
A
blood -> tubule
9
Q
tubular reabsorption substance movement
A
tubule -> blood (peritubular capillaries)
10
Q
Na+ tubular reabsorption is an example of…
A
active transport
11
Q
movement down concentration gradient
does not require energy
example: lipid-soluble substances
A
diffusion
12
Q
example:
Na+/K+ -ATPase moves Na+ uphill across the basolateral membrane
A
primary active transport
*requires energy to move uphill against gradient
13
Q
example:
glucose is transported across luminal membrane uphill and coupled to Na+ transport downhill then diffuses across basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion
A
secondary active transport
14
Q
transport maximum
A
the amount of material that can be transported per unit time
occurs when binding sites on transport protein are saturated
15
Q
the amount of fluid filtered
A
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
16
Q
the amount of substance filtered
A
filtered load
17
Q
if a substance is freely filtered,
not reabsorbed,
not secreted,
we can measure…
A
GFR
18
Q
GFR value in normally functioning kidneys
A
125mL/min
19
Q
if a substance is freely filtered,
100% secreted,
we can measure…
A
renal plasma flow
20
Q
total plasma volume value in normally functioning kidneys
A
3 L
21
Q
if clearance of substance < GFR (125mL/min) then…
A
less of substance in urine than filtered load (net reabsorption)
22
Q
if clearance of substance > GFR (125mL/min) then…
A
more of substance in urine than filtered load (net secretion)
23
Q
substance that is filtered and completely secreted
A
para-aminohippurate (PAH)
24
Q
total renal plasma flow is determined by measuring the…
A
clearance of para-aminohippurate
25
2/3 of Na+ and water reabsorption occurs in the...
proximal tubule
26
in Na+ reabsorption, Na+ moves downhill into...
proximal tubule
ascending loop of Henle
cortical collecting duct
27
if high vasopressin, urine is...
concentrated (hyperosmotic)
28
if low vasopressin, urine is...
dilute (hypoosmotic)
*collecting ducts are impermeable to water
29
constriction of afferent arterioles causes decreased GFR by...
decreasing glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
30
hormone responsible for the formation of angiotensin I
renin
31
hormone responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
32
directly alters aldosterone secretion
angiotensin II
33
key factor necessary for generation of hyperosmotic urine by the countercurrent multiplier system
active transport of Na+ in the ascending loop of Henle
(impermeable to water)
34
water is not reabsorbed in...
the ascending loop of Henle (impermeable to water)
35
increase in Na+, increase in extracellular volume ->
if extracellular volume changes, so does plasma volume ->
plasma volume size helps determine...
blood pressure
36
basic renal processes of Na+
freely filtered
reabsorbed
not secreted
37
long term regulation of Na+ reabsorption is controlled by...
aldosterone
38
renin secretion is stimulated by...
increased renal sympathetic activation
decreased stretch of infrarenal baroreceptors
decreased Na+ sensed by macula densa
*all effects occur with decreased plasma volume leading to decreased blood pressure
39
if there's low sodium, then there's _____ renin to increase Na+ reabsorption, increase plasma volume, and increase blood pressure back to normal
high
40
if there's high sodium, then there's ____ renin to decrease Na+ reabsorption, decrease plasma volume, and decrease blood pressure back to normal
low
41
if plasma volume is too high,
atria stretches and releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),
decreases plasma aldosterone,
afferent dilation and efferent constriction of arterioles,
increased GFR,
decreased Na+ reabsorption in tubules,
result in...
increased Na+ excretion to reduce blood volume and pressure
42
if plasma volume is too low,
atria does not stretch or release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),
increases plasma aldosterone,
afferent constriction and efferent dilation of arterioles,
decreased GFR,
increased Na+ reabsorption in tubules,
result in...
decrease Na+ excretion, plasma volume increases
43
basic renal processes of water
freely filtered
reabsorbed
not secreted
44
water regulation occurs in ________
controlled by ________
collecting ducts
vasopressin
45
regulation of vasopressin secretion
1. baroreceptor pathway (severe response)
2. osmoreceptor pathway (minute to minute)
3. central nervous system
46
water diuresis results from...
and produces...
*decreased water reabsorption
low vasopressin
no change in solute excretion
produces dilute hypoosmotic urine
47
osmotic diuresis results from...
and produces...
*decreased solute reabsorption
decreased water reabsorption
increased solute excretion
produces concentrated hyperosmotic urine
48
pharmacological agents that increase urine volume by increasing excretion of Na+ and/or water
decrease volume of extracellular fluid
diuretics
49
basic renal processes of K+
freely filtered
reabsorbed
secreted
50
K+ is secreted in the _________ but not the _________
cortical collecting duct; proximal tubule
51
factors influencing high K+ excretion
high K+ in plasma activation of Na+/K+ pump
high K+ in plasma stimulates aldosterone secretion
52
aldosterone release from adrenal cortex is stimulated by...
angiotensin II
increased plasma K+
53
aldosterone release from adrenal cortex is inhibited by...
ANP
54
Ca2+ regulation depends on...
bone distribution in body
kidney excretion
gastrointestinal tract absorption
55
Ca2+ balance is regulated by...
the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
56
the HCO3- buffering system is highly effective because...
it eliminates CO2 in the lungs
57
increased H+ stimulates ventilation,
causing decreased arterial ______ to decrease H+ again
PCO2
58
respiratory control of CO2 equation
H + HCO3 <-> H2CO3 <-> CO2 + H2O
59
renal control of HCO3-
(kidneys three main functions in H+ regulation)
reabsorb filtered HCO3-
secrete H+
replenish HCO3-
60
increased plasma H+, pH < 7.4
acidosis
61
decreased plasma H+, pH > 7.4
alkalosis
62
blood pH is largely determined by...
the ratio of HCO3- to PCO2
63
metabolic acidosis
primary disturbance: decrease HCO3-, diarrhea
compensation: respiratory hyperventilation, decrease CO2
64
respiratory acidosis
primary disturbance: increase PCO2, hypoventilation
compensation: renal increase HCO3- recovery
65
metabolic alkalosis
primary disturbance: increase HCO3-, vomiting
compensation: respiratory hypoventilation, increase CO2
66
respiratory alkalosis
primary disturbance: decrease PCO2, hyperventilation
compensation: renal decrease HCO3- recovery
67
smooth muscle that surrounds bladder
parasympathetic (contracts)
urination from STIMULATION
detrusor muscle
68
smooth muscle at base of bladder
sympathetic (relaxes)
urination from INHIBITION
internal urethral sphincter
69
skeletal muscle
somatic (relaxes)
urination from INHIBITION
external urethral sphincter
70
function of proximal tubule parts:
proximal tubule is major site of _________
loop of Henle establishes the ________
solute reabsorption;
medullary hyperosmotic gradient
71
four functions of the digestive system
1. digestion
2. secretion
3. absorption
4. motility
72
structure of GI tract wall
(by lumen)
mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
serosa
(by abdominal cavity)
73
circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase...
surface area for absorption
74
amphipathic cholesterol derivatives for the emulsification (breaking down) of hydrophobic fats
bile salts
75
fatty acids are held as ____ and then released
micelles
76
HCl secretion
gastrin (+ hormone)
acetylcholine (+ neurotransmitter)
histamine (+ paracrine)
somatostatin (- paracrine)
77
digestive enzymes for carb absorption:
salivary:
pancreatic:
both amylase
78
digestive enzymes for protein absorption:
gastric:
pancreatic:
pepsin;
trypsin/chymotrypsin/carboxypeptidase
79
digestive enzymes for fat absorption:
pancreatic:
lipase
80
amount of fluid ingested by a person per day
1200mL/day
81
amount of fluid secreted into the GI tract per day
7000 mL/day
82
amount of fluid excreted in feces per day
100 mL/day
83
most of the fluid that enters the GI tract by ingestion or secretion is...
absorbed
84
absorption includes net movement of Na+ from lumen to interstitial fluid and water follows by...
osmosis
85
secretes many digestive enzymes
secretes fluid rich in bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, which would inactivate the enzymes
pancreas
86
synthesizes and secretes bile salts, which are needed for fat digestion
secretes bicarbonate
liver
87
stores and concentrates bile from the liver
when needed, it contracts and releases bile into small intestine
gallbladder
88
release is stimulated by amino and fatty acids
works with secretin to inhibit acid production
stimulates gallbladder to secrete concentrated bile salts
relaxes sphincter of Oddi to release bile from the liver and gallbladder to complete fat digestion
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
89
temporarily stores undigested material
concentrates it by absorbing salt and water
when the rectum contracts, the feces are expelled
large intestine
90
fast
local gut responses
controlled by enteric nervous system
short reflexes
91
controlled by CNS
whole-body digestion responses
long reflexes
92
exocrine cells in gastric glands
mucus cells - opening of glands
parietal cells - walls of glands
chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
93
endocrine cells in gastric glands
enteroendocrine cells - secrete gastrin
enterochromaffin-like cells - release histamine
D cells - secrete somatostatin
94
cause of ulcers
H. pylori
95
causes of vomiting
distention of stomach
substances acting on chemoreceptors
96
cause of cystic fibrosis
mutation
97
cause of gallstones
concentration of bile in gallbladder is too high
98
*cause of jaundice
buildup of high pressure in a blocked common bile duct feedbacks to the liver and prevents further secretion of bile
*bilirubin accumulates in the blood and diffuses into tissues producing yellowish coloration
99
cause of lactose intolerance
mutation in lactase regulation
100
cause of constipation
decreased motility in large intestine
101
cause of diarrhea
decreased fluid absorption, increased fluid secretion, or both
102
lamina propria,
muscularis mucosa,
and myenteric plexus are made of...
connective tissue,
smooth muscle,
neurons
103
bile is required for digestion of...
fat
104
gastric hormone that stimulates acid secretion in the stomach
gastrin
105
osmosis leads to the absorption of...
water
106
2 L of hydrochloric acid is secreted by the stomach every...
day
