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PHYSIO 3200 > EXAM 5 Module 9 > Flashcards

EXAM 5 Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

when hormones are secreted directly from gland cells through the interstitial and into the bloodstream

A

endocrine secretion

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2
Q

when a variety of substances (ex. sweat, sebum, enzymes, mucus) are secreted through ducts onto body surfaces or in organ lumens

A

exocrine secretion

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3
Q

amine hormone precursor with HO, CH2, NH2, C, H, and COOH

A

tyrosine

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4
Q

2 classes of amine hormones

A

thyroid hormones
catecholamines

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5
Q

ex. of thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

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6
Q

ex. of catecholamines

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine

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7
Q

ex. of a peptide hormone

A

insulin

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8
Q

_______ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol

A

steroid

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9
Q

_______ (hydrophilic) hormones such as catecholamines and peptides/proteins bind to ________________ and can trigger a variety of effects

A

water-soluble;
cell surface receptors

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10
Q

free _________ (hydrophobic) hormones such as steroid hormones are carried through plasma on ___________

A

lipid-soluble;
transport proteins

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11
Q

hormones diffuse away from transport proteins and across ___________

A

plasma membranes

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12
Q

lipid-soluble hormones bind _____________ and these complexes bind DNA to affect ___________ in the nucleus

A

intracellular receptors;
gene expression

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13
Q

3 inputs that control hormone secretion

A

ions or nutrients
neurotransmitters
hormones

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14
Q

ex. of regulatory ions or nutrients

A

insulin secretion from the pancreas is regulated by plasma glucose levels

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15
Q

ex. of regulatory neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla is under neural control

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16
Q

ex. of regulatory hormones

A

cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a pituitary hormone

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17
Q

possible fates of hormones after circulating in the blood

A

can be excreted in urine or feces
can be inactivated by metabolism
can be activated by metabolism
can reach target cells

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18
Q

ex. that goes through multiple steps of activation by metabolism

A

vitamin D

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19
Q

when hormones reach target cells, they bind to a _______ and produce a ___________

A

receptor;
cellular response

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20
Q

hormone A must be present for hormone B to have its full effect

A

permissiveness

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21
Q

little or no fatty acids released

A

thyroid hormone

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22
Q

small amount of fatty acids released

A

epinephrine

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23
Q

large amount of fatty acids released

A

epinephrine + thyroid hormone

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24
Q

integrates inputs from the body for many metabolic functions and releases hormones

A

hypothalamus

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25
releases hormones in response to hypothalamic signals
pituitary
26
2 lobes of pituitary
anterior (adenohypophysis) posterior (neurohypophysis)
27
receives hormones from the hypothalamus through portal vessels
anterior lobe
28
neural extension of the hypothalamus
posterior lobe
29
hormones released from anterior pituitary
FSH/LH ACTH TSH prolactin GH
30
hormones released from posterior pituitary
ADH/vasopressin oxytocin
31
hypothalamic hormones that trigger the anterior pituitary
GnRH CRH TRH dopamine GHRH somatostatin
32
hormones that act on other endocrine glands to influence the secretion of the glands' hormones
tropic hormones
33
ex. of tropic hormones
hypophysiotropic gonadotropins somatrotropin thyrotropin
34
tropic hormone from the hypothalamus that act on the hypophysis (pituitary)
hypophysiotropic
35
tropic hormone that acts upon the gonads
gonadotropin
36
tropic hormone that acts upon the body (growth hormone)
somatrotropin
37
tropic hormone that acts upon the thyroid (TSH)
thyrotropin
38
when the pituitary gland sends feedback to the hypothalamus to control how much hormone the hypothalamus releases
short-loop feedback
39
when the final hormone sends a message back to both the pituitary and hypothalamus to reduce hormone production
long-loop feedback
40
HPX stands for...
hypothalamus-pituitary + 3rd endocrine gland
41
a condition in which an endocrine gland makes too little hormone
hyposecretion
42
a condition in which an endocrine gland makes too much hormone
hypersecretion
43
dysfunction of the endocrine gland most common
primary disturbance
44
dysfunction of the pituitary
secondary disturbance
45
dysfunction of the hypothalamus
tertiary disturbance
46
2 forms thyroid hormone is made in
thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3)
47
thyroid hormones are iodinated, and the numbered names refer to the number of _______ attached
ion atoms
48
although T4 is more abundant and stable than T3, it is considered to be essentially ________
inactive
49
the major thyroid hormone
T3
50
the stable reservoir for production of T3 (ex. a prohormone)
T4
51
iodide enters the ______ through anion transporters of follicle cells
colloid
52
iodide is attached to ___________ of thyroglobulin to make MIT or DIT
tyrosine residues
53
MIT and DIT are cleaved and attached to other DITs to make __________
thyroid hormone
54
when TH is needed, thyroglobulin is ________ and cleaved
endocytosed
55
TRH stands for...
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
56
TSH stands for...
thyroid-stimulating hormone
57
TH stands for...
thyroid hormone
58
thyroid hormone creates ___________ feedback on both TRH production by the hypothalamus and TSH production by the anterior pituitary
long-loop negative
59
thyroid hormone effects: _________ metabolism _________ for catecholamine effects required for ______________
increased; permissive; normal growth and development
60
common causes of hypothyroidism
iodine deficiency autoimmune thyroiditis
61
condition where the thyroid hormone synthesis is compromised most common worldwide
iodine deficiency
62
condition of autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland most common in U.S. ex. Hashimoto's Disease
autoimmune thyroiditis
63
hypothyroidism present at birth
congenital hypothyroidism
64
blood tests in hypothyroidism
low TH (T4) and high TSH
65
may occur due to high TSH levels in hypothyroidism
goiter
66
most common hyperthyroidism
Grave's Disease (autoimmune disorder)
67
blood tests in hyperthyroidism
high TH (T4), low TSH. and presence of autoimmune antibodies
68
may be present in hyperthyroidism
goiter and thyroid eye disease
69

PHYSIO 3200 (11 decks)

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