Exam 2: Muscular Strength & Proprioception

Question 1

strength

Answer 1

single maximal force (1 RM)

Question 2

power

Answer 2

max force in minimal time

Question 3

muscular endurance

Answer 3

repetitive contractions over time

Question 4

isometric exercise

Answer 4

• force w/o movement
• pros accessible, inexpensive, increase strength & muscular endurance
• cons: angle specific, increase systolic BP

Question 5

isotonic exercise

Answer 5

• progressive resistive exercises
• pros: JROM, concentric/eccentric, proprioception, balance
• cons: can be expesive, unsafe, changing force/ROM

Question 6

concentric exercise

Answer 6

force w/ muscle shortens

Question 7

eccentric exercise

Answer 7

force w/ muscle lengthens

Question 8

open kinetic chain

Answer 8

• distal segment is free or mobile; proximal influences distal
• increases acceleration & distraction forces –> develops kinesthetic awareness

Question 9

closed kinetic chain

Answer 9

• distal segment is stable/fixed; distal influences proximal
• increases compressive & resistance forces
• all weight-bearing exercise involve some lower CKC

Question 10

Isokinetic

Answer 10

• constant speed w/ acomodating resistance; max output through full RM
• pros: max effort, full ROM, safer, measurable
• cons: expensive, OKC (puts sheer force), time-consuming

Question 11

concurrent shfit

Answer 11

both eccentric & concentric actions in same muscle; in CKC only & @ muscles that cross 2 joints

Question 11

Type IIa Fast twitch fibers

Answer 11

• fast oxidative glycolytic
• low/moderate intensity

Question 11

Type IIb fast twitch fibers

Answer 11

• fast glycolytic
• high intensity

Question 11

Passive ROM (PROM)

Answer 11

no active muscle work; moved by clinician or machine

Question 11

Slow-twitch fibers

Answer 11

slower to generate force

Question 12

Active assistive ROM (AAROM)

Answer 12

muscle is incapable of/shouldn’t move through certain point of range

Question 12

Active ROM (AROM)

Answer 12

move w/o assistance or resistance

Question 13

Resistive ROM (RROM)

Answer 13

dynamic or resistive exercise; theraband, weight, etc.

Question 14

SNAP principle

Answer 14

• S: SAID principle, muscles will adapt & perform according to demands placed
• N: no pain during strengthening & post-exercise w/ edema
• A: attainable goals, challenging
• P: progressive overload. necessary for strength gains; first 3-5 are neural adaptions, plateu after

Question 15

proprioception

Answer 15

• sense of body position perceived consciously or unconsciously
• afferent transmission of position –> interpretation –> conscious/unconscious efferent response

Question 15

afferent neurons

Answer 15

• receive & send info to CNS
• cutaneous, muscle & tendon, joint

Question 15

cutaneous afferents

Answer 15

• fast adapting: detect speed & movement
• slow adapting I & II: constant level of stimulation sent to joint & limb position
• increased reliance after injury

Question 16

Group III & IV joint afferents

Answer 16

• A & C fibers, free nerve endings, & sfot tissue in articular structures
• stim. by pain & inflammation when joint is in end position
• small, slow, thin, non-myelinated

Question 16

muscle & tendon afferents

Answer 16

• muscle spindles: detect stretch –> contraction
• GTO: detect tension –> antagonist relax

Question 16

Group II joint afferents

Answer 16

- Ruffini endings: stim. by extreme movement - Pacinian corpuscles: stim. by acceleration - Golgi mazzoni: stim. by joint compression & rotation - help protect unstable joints - large, fast, myelinated

Question 17

ligaments

Answer 17

contain receptors; when stim., produce inhibitory response of agonist ("giving out")

Question 18

spinal cord

Answer 18

- inhibitory reflex - produces muscle info based on length & tension - quickest response (travels directly to efferents) - protects through muscle splinting or rapid withdrawl

Question 19

brain stem (cerebellum)

Answer 19

- posture & balance - proprioceptors relay info in spinal cord that maintain desired position or posture

Question 20

cerebral cortex

Answer 20

- voluntary control - conscious to unconscious w/ repeated practice - slowest response

Question 21

balance

Answer 21

- center of gravity over base of support - key to static & dynamic exercises - reduces injury risk - influenced by strength & CNS input

Question 22

vestibular system

Answer 22

head acceleration/position

Question 23

oculomotor system

Answer 23

visual orientation w/ surroundings

Question 24

somatosensory system

Answer 24

proprioception

Question 25

subjective assessment of balance

Answer 25

Romberg's test, stork stance

Question 26

objective assessment of balance

Answer 26

force plate/platforms

Question 27

coordination

Answer 27

complex but smooth motor patterns from combination of muscle facilitation & inhibition w/ appropriate intensity & timing

Question 28

requirements for coordiantion

Answer 28

- activity perception: awareness of joint position; visual feedback - feedback: afferent signal to cerebellum or spinal cord - repetition: more consistent; less overflow; motor engram - inhibition: of undesired muscle activity

Question 29

agility

Answer 29

directional control of a body or segment during rapid movement