Exam 2: Muscular System Study Guide Flashcards
(27 cards)
Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: walls of the heart
Characteristics: branching, striated cells connected by intercalated discs;
1-2 nuclei per cell
Cardiac
involuntary
Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: digestive, urinary systems, respiratory, arrector pili
Characteristics: spindle-shaped cells; one nucleus per cell (looks like an eye)
Smooth
involuntary
Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: attached to bones
Characteristics: striated cells the length of the muscle; many nuclei
Skeletal
voluntary
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy:the synaptic end bulb of a motor neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the motor end plate of a muscle cell
Physiology: location where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell
Neuromuscular Junction
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: end of the axon
Physiology: contains vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; calcium ions that enter allow exocytosis of acetylcholine
Synaptic End bulb
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: the space between the synaptic end bulb and motor end plate
Physiology: acetylcholine diffuse to the muscle cell
Synaptic Cleft
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: part of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane that contains acetylcholine receptors
Physiology: acetylcholine bind their receptors, which allows sodium ions to enter the muscle cell and electrical messages (action potentials) to be generated
Motor End plate
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: the muscle cell’s plasma membrane
Physiology: action potentials travel along the __ to the t-tubules
Sarcolemma
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: part of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane that extends into the muscle cell
Physiology: action potentials travel along the ___ to the terminal cisternae and sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubule
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: the enlarged parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the t-tubules
Physiology: release calcium ions when electrical messages are received
Terminal cisternae
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Physiology: releases calcium ions when electrical message are received
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: ions with a positive charge
Physiology: binds troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move off actin’s myosin binding sites
Calcium
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: organelle
Physiology: produce ATP using glucose and oxygen
Mitochondria
Depletion of ATP can cause muscle fatigue, because 1) ATP hydrolysis provides the energy needed for the ___ and 2) ATP is needed to break the ___ between myosin and actin.
power stroke
cross-bridges
Creatine phosphate pathway is ___ as ___ is produced
anaerobic
1 ATP
Fermentation is ___ as ___ are produced
anaerobic
2 ATP and lactate
Cellular Respiration is ___ as ___ are produced
36 ATP and carbon dioxide
aerobic
Which type of fiber?
- provide short bursts of energy; rely on anaerobic pathways for ATP production, which can result in fatigue faster
- sprinting and weightlifting
- light color
Slow twitch
Which type of fiber?
- provide ATP energy via cellular respiration, so highly resistant to fatigue
- long-distance running, biking, jogging, and swimming
- dark color
Fast twitch
Name the condition:
sudden involuntary muscle contractions
Spasms
Name the condition:
strong painful spasms
Cramp
Name the condition:
spasms in the face
Facial Tics
Name the condition:
when a muscle or its tendon is overly stretched or tears
Strain
Name the condition:
when a ligament is overly stretched or tears
Sprain
