Exam 2: Nervous System/Synaptic Transmission

Question 1

What are the two main nervous systems of the CNS?

Answer 1

Afferent and Efferent

Question 2

Sensory Information to the CNS is within the _______ system

Answer 2

Afferent

Question 3

Motor commands from the .CNS. fall under the ______ system

Answer 3

Efferent

Question 4

The motor system is split into two parts

Answer 4

Somatic (control ourselves)
Autonomic (brain controls)

Question 5

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 5

When the spinal cord sends an efferent signal back to the skeletal muscle before the brain has processed it.

Question 6

Autonomic System has what three subdivisions?

Answer 6

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

Question 7

Sympathetic NS

Answer 7

^HR
^BP
Dilates Bronchioles
Shunts Blood to Muscles
“Fight or Flight”

Widespread Impact
Reaches organs and tissues throughout the body.

Question 8

Parasympathetic

Answer 8

Conserves energy
Shunts blood to Endocrine, GI, and Urogenital systems
“Rest and Digest”

Innervates only specific visceral structures
Effects are shorter lived

Question 9

Sympathetic nerves are located in the _____ parts of the CNS system

Answer 9

Thoracolumbar

Question 10

Parasympathetic Nerves are located in the ______ parts of the CNS system

Answer 10

Craniosacral

Question 11

Sympathetic system has _____ Preganglionic Fibers and _____ Postganglionic Fibers

Answer 11

Short
Long

Question 12

Parasympathetic system has _____ Preganglionic Fibers and _____ Postganglionic Fibers

Answer 12

Long
Short

Question 13

Sympathetic Preganglionic Fibers Terminate:

Answer 13

Spinal Cord (ganglia paravertebral chains)

Question 14

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Fibers Terminate:

Answer 14

Close to the organ
No Chain Ganglion

Question 15

The GI system is mainly under the control of:

Answer 15

The Parasympathetic System/Enteric System

Question 16

GI system is inhibited by the:

Answer 16

Sympathetic System

Question 17

Many neurons of the Enteric System are non-______?

Answer 17

Non-Adrenergic AND Non-Cholinergic

Question 18

Preganglionic Nerves Release:

Answer 18

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 19

Postganglionic Nerves Release:

Answer 19

Epinephrine
(or)
Acetylcholine

Question 20

Somatic System Targets:

Answer 20

Skeletal Muscles

Question 21

Autonomic NS Targets:

Answer 21

Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Glands

Question 22

Sympathomimetics - Direct

Answer 22

Epinephrine
Isoproterenol
Albuterol

Act directly on a specific receptor

Question 23

Sympathomimetics Actions

Answer 23

-Constrict blood vessels
-Inotropic and Chronotropic Cardiac Effects
-Decrease Bronchiole Tone
-Decrease Uterine Muscle Tone

Question 23

Sympathomimetics - Indirect

Answer 23

Ephedrine
Amphetamines

-Can Release NE
-Inhibits NET
-Poor agonists at adrenoreceptors

(confusion about the VMAT thing?)

Question 24

Sympatholytic

Answer 24

Blocks SNS Decrease BP Block receptors: alpha, beta, or both

Question 25

Cholinergic Receptors

Answer 25

Muscarinic Nicotinic

Question 26

Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 26

Alpha Beta Dopamine

Question 27

Excitatory Muscarinic

Answer 27

1, 3, 5 Activates Gq / Phospholipase C

Question 28

Inhibitory Muscarinic

Answer 28

2 & 5 Activates Gi / Inhibits cAMP

Question 29

2 Nicotinic Types

Answer 29

Neuronal and Muscular

Question 30

How many types of Alpha and Beta Receptors?

Answer 30

2 Alpha 3 Beta

Question 31

Where are Dopamine Receptors Located?

Answer 31

Brain and Renal System

Question 32

Alpha 1 Activate

Answer 32

Gq = Activates Phospholipase C

Question 33

Alpha 2 Activate

Answer 33

Gi = Inhibits cAMP

Question 34

Beta Receptors Activate

Answer 34

Gs = Stimulate cAMP

Question 35

Alpha1

Answer 35

Gq Smooth Muscle Binds GPCR -> Phospholipase C -> IP3/DAG -> Myosin Activated IP3 -> MLCK activation DAG -> MLCP inactivation

Question 36

MLCK

Answer 36

Myosin Light Chain Kinase Phosphates Myosin to activate it

Question 37

MLCP

Answer 37

Inactivates Myosin by Removing a Phosphate from Myosin

Question 38

What interacts with Myosin to allow smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 38

Actin

Question 39

Beta 1 (and B2) - Heart

Answer 39

Gs Norepinephrine activation cAMP second messenger Activates PK-A (Protein Kinase A) Ca Release & absorption Contraction

Question 40

Alpha 2

Answer 40

Presynaptic Receptor Prevents release of NE when activated

Question 41

Beta 2 - peripheral

Answer 41

Gs cAMP still, but is INHIBITORY Inhibits MLCK Allows for relaxation of arterial blood vessels -> Increased blood flow More for Skeletal/Cardiac blood vessels. (more O2/nutrients to these)

Question 42

Sympathetic stimulation shunts blood from ______ to _______.

Answer 42

From Visceral Tissue to Skeletal Muscle.

Question 43

NANC Neurons

Answer 43

Non-Adrenergic, Non-cholinergic Neurons that release other things. (A lot of these) NOs, Substance P, Somatostatin See in the gut ENS

Question 44

Postganglionic ACh

Answer 44

Skeletal muscle = activation Skeletal Blood Vessels = Dilation Abdominal Blood Vessels = Constriction