Exam 2 objective questions Flashcards
Which monophyletic group contains fungi and animals?
Fungi and animals are monophyletic; their group is Opisthokonta (ones with flagella in back).
What is it about fungal infections in humans harder to treat than bacterial infections?
We are so closely related to fungi that anything that affects fungi negatively will affect us negatively.
How do fungi eat?
Absorption using their hyphae
What are the 2 growth forms exhibited by fungi?
Unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular
What are hyphae?
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
What are septa?
“cross walls” of hyphae. Divides hyphae into cells. Usually perforated
Coenocytic hyphae
no septa
Describe what is meant by EMF and AMF.
EMF = Ecotomycorrhizal fungi (grows on the outside of a plant) AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (grows into the roots of a plant)
How do fungi affect plants?
• Parasitic relationships, symbiotic relationships, etc.
Where does digestion take place in fungi?
Outside of the body. Thefungusbreaks down the complex material by secreting digestive enzymes throughtheircell wall that will digestthe complex organic compounds and convert them into simple molecules that can readily be transported throughtheircell walls.
What is the role of fungi in the carbon cycle?
• Break things down that are difficult for other organisms to break down; cellulose and lignin.
What are some ways that fungi benefit humans?
• FOOD <3, medications, beer and wine, decomposers, etc.
Give examples of how fungi act as parasites or pathogens.
- Ringworm
- Athletes foot
- Cordyceps fungi
- Lots of plant diseases (Dutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Blight)
Spore
Part that disperses to get to a new location to start a new body
Give examples or characteristics of the six major groups of fungi
- Microsporidia – small, parasitic
- Zygomycetes – molds
- Chytrids – flagella
- Glomeromycota – lots of AMF
- Basidiomycetes – EMF, most mushrooms we eat are in this group, big colorful ones in forest, club fungi, yeasts
- Ascomycota – truffles, sac fungi, lichens, yeasts
When did animals first show up in the fossil record?
600mya
Why is the Cambrian Explosion significant for animal diversity?
550mya this occurred, higher oxygen levels may have caused this. A lot of the diversification today came from this.
What are key traits for animals?
Multicellular Mobility Heterotroph Muscles and nerves Digest food internally
In a phylogeny of animals, what is the outgroup? Most basal group?
Outgroup is Choanoflagellates (most closely related to animals). Most basal group is sponges (Porifera).
What are key characteristics of sponges?
Sessile
Live in aquatic systems
They filter feed; they are suspension feeders
What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts? At which point on the phylogenetic tree did each trait evolve?
Diploblasts only have two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) while triploblasts have three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Ctenophores and Cnidarians are diploblasts, and the rest below are triploblasts.
Which groups are radially symmetrical?
Ctenophores and Cnidarians have radial symmetry
All below have bilateral symmetry EXCEPT echinoderms
What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry?
Central nervous system development is linked to bilateral symmetry (brain, and other important things). It enables effective movement in purposeful and intentional directions for the animal and more
Which animal phylum is the most species?
Arthropods
