Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CSON IM1 > EXAM 2- Oxygenation > Flashcards

EXAM 2- Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

poor oxygenation

A

a decreased oxygen level in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SpO2

A

measure of how saturated hemoglobin are with oxygen (measured with pulse oximetry)

hemoglobin-attached to blood to carry it throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the normal accepted O2 sat level?

A

95-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

for pts with illness or respiratory distress with supplemental oxygen, what O2 saturation should you aim to keep them above?

A

92%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is one of the FIRST signs of poor oxygenation?

A

restlessness- pt is struggling to recover and catch their breath, causing low amounts of O2 flow to the brain (leading to confusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

signs/symptoms of poor oxygenation

A
  • restlessness & confusion (first signs)
  • decreased bp
  • cool extremities
  • pallor (paleness) or cyanosis
  • slow capillary refill (healthy is < 3 seconds)

all occur because O2 isn’t flowing to where it needs to go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

signs/symptoms of poor oxygenation

A
  • restlessness & confusion (first signs)
  • decreased bp
  • cool extremities
  • pallor (paleness) or cyanosis
  • slow capillary refill (healthy is < 3 seconds)

all occur because O2 isn’t flowing to where it needs to go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens when O2 delievery is inadequate to meet the body’s metabolic demands?

A

tissue ischemia & cell death

leads to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is restlessness an early or late sign of poor oxygenation?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

do the lungs have a large surface area? why?

A

yes, the lungs have a large surface area (due to millions of alveoli) and are constantly exposed to the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is lung disease greatly influenced by?

A

what a pt is exposed to:
* environmental- season allergies, wind
* occupational- fumes, chemicals
* personal
* social habits- smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alveoli

A

air sacks in the lungs
(where oxygen exchange occurs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

know the anatomy of the repsiratory system/ lungs

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are pulmonary diseases? what are the types?

A

somethign keeping the pt from taking in enough oxygen

often classified as:
* acute (new onset, bronchitis) or chronic (long pt hx, asthma)
* obstructive (COPD) or restrictive (pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis)
* infectious (pneumonia) or noninfectious (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis)

caused by alterations in the lungs or heart, causes scarring of lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

difficulty exhaling

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

restrictive pulmonary disease

A

difficulty inhaling

pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

clinical manifestations of respiratory alterations

A
  • cough - acute or cronic
  • dyspnea - SOB, inability to get a good breath
  • chest pain- from low O2 or coughing
  • abnormal sputum/ hemoptysis (coughing up blood) - bloody or green
  • altered breathing pattern- tachypnea, bradypnea, use of accessory muscles (CRITICAL)
  • cyanosis- bluish discoloration of skin/ mucus membranes
  • fever- due to infection in lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

common anatomical locations of cyanosis

A
  • end of extremities (fingers, toes)
  • mouth, mucus membranes
  • tip of nose, inside nairs (nostrils)
  • earlobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea when laying down

pt can breath better when propped/sitting up (allows lung expansion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

clubbing

A

occurs in heart & lung diseases that reduce levels of O2 in the blood
* chronically low on O2
* fingertips are wide, abnbormal nailbed angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hypoxemia

A

low level of oxygen in the blood
* measured with SpO2 - oxygen saturation

hypo (low) + emia (blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hypoxia

A

low levels of oxygen in the tissues & organs

  • difficult to measure, can be measured w/ assessment skills, cricical thinking, & observations (head to toe assessment)
  • we can assume that a pt with hypoxemia for an extended period of time has hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the difference between arteries & veins?

A
  • arteries - bring in oxygenated blood
  • veins - carry away deoxygenated blood

air exchange occurs in alveoles (air sacks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
symptoms of **hypoxia** | early & late
**EARLY**: * **R**estlessness * **A**nxiety * **T**achycardia/ **T**achypnea **LATE**: * **B**radycardia * **E**xtreme restlessness * **D**yspnea (severe) | early RAT is late to BED
25
if a pt is having difficulty breating, what is the MINIMUM angle the HOB should be at?
30º
26
hypoventilation
**breathing too shallow/slow** to meet the body's need for oxygen * the body holds onto CO2 longer, leads to **hypercapnea** (excess CO2 in body due to breathing) | normal breathing rate is 12-20 breaths/min
27
what are some factors that can cause hypoventilation?
* **narcotics** (morphine, versed) * **sleeping**
28
hyperventilation
**breathing too deep/rapid** (exceeds the body's metabolic needs) * gives off too much CO2, leads to **hypocapnea** (low CO2 in body) * breathing into a bag helps because it allows pt to **rebreathe in CO2 to increase CO2 levels**
29
what are some factors that can cause hyperventilation?
* **anxiety** * **exercise** (overexertion) * **pain**
30
what are some factors that can cause hyperventilation?
* **anxiety** * **exercise** (overexertion) * **pain**
31
atelectasis
collapses air sacs (alveoli) * caused by lack of deep breaths or fluid buildup
32
what can you do to prevent **atelectasis** in your pt?
* early **ambulation** * **T**urn (increase chest/lung expansion), **C**ough (clear excretions, increase chest expansion), **D**eep **B**reathe * **incentive spirometry** - focuses on deep inhalation
33
aspiration
passage of gastric contents (fluid or solid) into the lungs | can cause **aspiration pneumonia**
34
what can you do to prevent **aspiration**?
* **assess** pt's **ability to swallow** * keep **HOB elevated** with tube feedings * thorough **lung assessment**
35
what do you assess for when assessing the respiratory system?
* **respiratory rate** (12-20) * use of **accessory muscles** (critical) * **cyanosis** * **oxygen saturation** * **adventitous breath sounds** (extra/abnormal)- crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, stridor, rubs) * **clubbing** * **dyspnea with activity** (not normal)
36
vesicular breath sounds
normal, no extra sounds
37
fine crackles (rales) breath sounds
most common abnormal lung sound * similar to velco, or hair rubbing near ear * high pitch * fluid in lungs | encourage pt to cough, more common on inspiration
38
course crackles (rales) breath sounds
* low pitch (compared to fine crackles) * louder * lots of fluid/ gunk | encourage pt to cough, more common on inspiration
39
wheezing breath sounds
more common on expiration * high pitch (squeaking) or * low pitch (snoring/moaning)
40
rhonchi breath sounds
severe wheeze * often clear after coughing * low pitch
41
bronchial breath sounds
normal sound over trachea * hollow, tubular, clear sound
42
diagnostic tests for assessing the respiratory system
* imaging- chest x-ray, CT, MRI * arterial blood gases (ABG) * suptum culture & sensitivity * bronchoscopy * thoracentesis
43
what does atelectasis appear as on a chest x-ray?
white grainy/fuzzy areas where fluid is present | black is good (air is present)
44
sputum culture & sensitivity
* **culture**- examine sputum to see what organisms are present * **sensitivity**- test which antibiotics will kill it
45
CT scan
* can be used **with or without** IV contrast dye * provides a trans sectional image, more sophisticated than x-ray
46
MRI
**M**agnetic **R**esidence **I**maging * highly sophisticated * pts with metal implants/devices (pacemaker, rods/pins, defib) cannot obtain an MRI
47
bronchoscopy
uses a **flexible tube** to check **airway** for **abnormalities, remove gunk, and obtain a biopsy** if needed
48
thoracentesis
uses a **long needle** to aspirate fluid to relieve pressure (usually ultrasound guided) * pulls out fluid * **opens lung space** to increase breathing * **obtain culture & sensitivity**
49
what are some ways you can promote lung expansion for your pt?
* **position change/turn frequently** - Q2 hours * keep pt **upright** * increase **daily activites**, adequate **hyration** * **coughing exercises** * **deep breathing** - incentive spirometry
50
what are some ways you can promote lung expansion for post op pts?
educate pt **before** surgery on interventions to increase pt understanding * incentive spirometry * TCDB * splinting incision
51
is oxygen a drug?
yes
52
albuterol (Proair) MDI
**brochodilator**/**rescue inahler** used for **acute** difficulty breathing (asthma, COPD) * **beta 2 agonist (SABAs- short acting beta agonist) **- stimulates fight/flight system and speeds everything up) * common reactions/side effects: **nervousness, tachycardia, headache, throat irritaion**
53
budesonide/ formeterol inhaled (Symbicort)
**corticosteroid/brochodilator** used to **prevent** asthma attacks, exercise-induced brochospasm and COPD * pt must **rinse mouth after inhalation** - steroids can cause thresh * used on a **regular schedule** to prevent SOB
54
what should you assess when assessing pts with oxygen therapy?
* correct **oxygen delivery device** * correct **flow rate** (L/min) * **respiratory assessment**: vitals, oxygen sats, LOC, and s/s of hypoxia, skin
55
can an RN place a pt on oxygen therapy if an order does not exist?
yes, RN can place the oxygen once the pt is stablized, the RN should **notify the provider** & obtain a **continuous oxygen order**
56
FIO2
**F**raction of **I**nspired **O**xygen * percent of oxygen a person is **inhaling** * room air FIO2 is 21% * with supplemental oxygen, FIO2 can reach 100%
57
nasal cannula
most common/ basic/ least invasive * up to 6L/min (usually no more than 4) * FIO2 24-44%
58
when placing a pt on a nasal cannula, at what rate will you usually start at?
2-3 L/min
59
what products can be harmful to a pt on oxygen?
* smoking (cigarettes, e-cigs, any flames) * petroleum products (chapstick)
60
what areas are prone to skin breakdown with a nasal cannula?
* behind ears * nasal mucus membranes * under chin * cheekbones
61
non-rebreather mask
delivers **higher concentrations** of oxygen with a reservoir bag (valve opens during expiration and closes during inhalation to increase FIO2/prevent CO2) * treats **hypoxia**, decreases **breathing workload** * FIO2 60-100% at 10-15 L/min
62
venturi/venti mask
controls **exact concertration of oxygen** * FIO2 24-60% at 4-12L/min * commonly used for COPD
63
when documenting oxygen therapy, what should you include?
* **date & time** of oxygen initiated (RA & supplemental %) * **method of delivery** * **flow rate** * **pt response** to O2 * condition of **skin** * **respiratory assessment** * patient/family **ed**
64
incentive spirometry (IS)
**prevents post-op pulmonary complications (atelectasis)** by expanding lungs * voluntary deep breathing (focuses on **deep inhalation)** * visual feedback * explain procedure before surgery (pt should do 10 breaths/ 2 hours)
65
if a pt is laying still with high respirations per minute, is it a concern?
yes
66
oxygen toxicity
develops when a person breaths **100% O2 for > 12 hours** * results from effects on CNS & pulmonary systems
67
s/s of oxygen toxicity
* pallor, sweating, N/V * seizures, vertigo, muscle twitching * hallucinations, visual changes, anxiety * chest pain, dyspnea
68
what causes pulmonary diseases?
**alterations in the lungs or heart,** causes **scarring** of lung tissue

CSON IM1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions