EXAM 2 P3

Question 1

coccus or cocci

Answer 1

grow in particular formats

Question 2

diplococci

Answer 2

pairs of cocci

this form seen growing in the spinal fluid indicates the worst form of meningitis

Question 3

streptococci

Answer 3

chains of cocci
gives you strep throat and ear infections
divides in 1 plane down the middle of the cell

Question 4

tetrads

Answer 4

groups of 4 cocci, dividing in 2 planes

Question 5

sarcinae

Answer 5

cubes of cells, shifting 90 degrees in 3 planes

Question 6

staphylococci or micrococci

Answer 6

irregular bunches or clumps, dividing in many planes

Question 7

rods

Answer 7

bacillus or bacilli

Question 8

vibrio

Answer 8

rod shaped but curved

Question 9

spirillum

Answer 9

1 to several helical turns

Question 10

spirochete

Answer 10

very tight helix with 10-100 helical turns

Question 11

filamentous bacteria

Answer 11

long, straight chains

Question 12

appendages

Answer 12

extensions called hypha (just protruding) or stalks (used for attachment with sticky ends)

Question 13

what affects cell shape and size

Answer 13

the surface area to volume ratio and the number of cells produced per unit of nutrients available

Question 14

cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 14

made of lipids containing a glycerol (head) with phosphate attached

Question 15

head (glycerol)

Answer 15

positively charged

hydrophilic (likes water)

Question 16

phosphate

Answer 16

negatively charged

Question 17

fatty acid side chains

Answer 17

neutral charge

hydrophobic (doesn’t like water)

Question 18

amphipathic

Answer 18

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

characteristic of lipids

Question 19

membrane fluidity

Answer 19

they take shape defined by the cell wall

50% lipids, 50% proteins

Question 20

integral transmembrane proteins

Answer 20

reach both sides of the cell and form channels through the membrane

Question 21

peripheral proteins

Answer 21

on the surface of the membrane, NOT buried within

Question 22

lipoproteins

Answer 22

covalently linked to a lipid, keeping it associated with the membrane

Question 23

R groups

Answer 23

these are fatty acids and phytonyls
bound by ester bonds for bacteria and eukarya
bound by ether bonds for archaea

Question 24

passive transport

Answer 24

moves down the concentration gradient (high to low)

no energy required

Question 25

active transport

Answer 25

moves up the concentration gradient (low to high)

cellular energy required

Question 26

simple diffusion

Answer 26

passive mechanism
small nonpolar and uncharged polar molecules can cross the membrane
includes glycerol, H2O, CO2

Question 27

aquaporins

Answer 27

water transport channels that make movement faster

Question 28

facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

passive mechanism
produces cells that increase diffusion rate across the membrane
requires channel and carrier proteins that move back and forth.

Question 29

simple transport

Answer 29

active mechanism

depends on PMF

Question 30

uniporter

Answer 30

facilitated with diffusion

lets one molecule cross down the gradient

Question 31

antiporter

Answer 31

moves in the opposite direction
drives molecules out as protons move in
most commonly sodium ion

Question 32

symporter

Answer 32

move in the same direction

as protons move in, ions move in as well

Question 33

group translocation

Answer 33

active mechanism
phosphotransferase systems (PTS) moves sugars from the environment inside the cell. high energy phosphate is removed and becomes pyruvate. proteins take phosphate and transport it to the transported molecule, glucose.
THIS IS ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS
PTS conserves 1 ATP by transporting and phosphorylating sugar in one step
energy source is PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 34

ABC system

Answer 34

active mechanism
ATP binding cassette
3 protein system
periplasmic binding protein is outside the membrane and tightly binds the molecule to be transported
channel protein is a transmembrane protein
cytoplasmic ATP hydrolyzing protein hydrolyzes ATP and force the channel to move the substance from out to in.