Exam 2: Perpetuation of Life

Question 1

Parts of a nucleotide (Monomer of DNA/RNA)

Answer 1

Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base

Question 2

Pyrimidines vs Purines

Answer 2

Pyrimidines(smaller):
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
Purines(larger): Adenine, Guanine

Question 3

How do the nitrogenous bases pair

Answer 3

Purine across from Pyrimidine (hydrogen bonds)
(Purine-Purine theres not enough space)
(Pyr-Pyr theres too much space)

Question 4

How does the addition of a phosphate group to a nucleotide change it

Answer 4

Raises the potential energy of the monomer

Question 5

Distance between each nucleotide step

Answer 5

0.34 nanometers

Question 6

How many nucleotide steps in a helix

Answer 6

10

Question 6

Distance between the two helixes

Answer 6

2 nanometers

Question 7

When was the Watson+Crick Model

Answer 7

1953

Question 7

Conservative model

Answer 7

Old - Old
Old- Old New - New

Question 8

Total length of strand

Answer 8

3.4 nanometers

Question 9

3 Potential Models of DNA Replication

Answer 9

1. Conservative
2. Semi-Conservative
3. Dispersive

Question 10

Semi-Conservative Model

Answer 10

Old- Old
Old-New Old-New

Question 11

Dispersive model

Answer 11

Old-Old
Mix-Mix Mix-Mix

Not accurate- information is too important to scramble

Question 12

When was Meselson+Stahl

Answer 12

1958

Question 13

Meselson+Stahl

Answer 13

Nitrogen seperates differently in sedimentation gel based on weight

Question 14

What is Mitosis

Answer 14

Cell division for growth, development, and repair

Question 14

Two parts of a chromosome

Answer 14

1. Telomeres- ends of chromosome
2. Centromere- center of chromosome

Question 15

What is Meiosis

Answer 15

Cell division for reproduction of gametes

Question 16

How does the amount of chromosomes change from parent to daughter cells in Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Answer 16

Mitosis: 2 daughter cells, Amount stays the same
Meiosis: 4 daughter cells, each has half as many chromosomes as parent

Question 17

G1, S, G2

Answer 17

G1: Make sure there is enough nucleotides
S: DNA Synthesis (nucleotides form DNA)
G2: Make sure all chromosomes are copied
Then, mitosis

Question 18

Interphase

Answer 18

Starting point before either mitosis or meiosis
Sister chromatids

Question 19

Prophase

Answer 19

-Nuclear Membrane disassembled
-Spindle fibers form at opposite ends of cell and try to attach to sister chromatids
-Once both fibers hook onto all chromatids, the play tug o war

Question 20

When do the chromatids line up single vs double file

Answer 20

Mitosis: Single file
Meiosis Phase I: Double File
Meiosis II: Single file

Question 21

Metaphase

Answer 21

-Sister Chromatids line up

Question 22

Anaphase

Answer 22

-Sister chromatids separate from theyre duplicate

Question 23

Telophase

Answer 23

- two nuclei form around each set -Cell membrane pinches in center

Question 24

Cytokinesis

Answer 24

-Contractile ring pinches completely and results in daughter cells

Question 25

How do gametes know to undergo meiosis instead of mitosis

Answer 25

Sex cells receive testosterone/estrogen from the reproductive system

Question 25

Lysosomes

Answer 25

Break down unwanted material in the cell using digestive enzymes (animals, plants)

Question 26

Number of chromosomes in meiosis depending on series

Answer 26

At the end of series I, each cell has half as many as the parent cell in prophase I, still with 2 chromatids per chromosome At the end of series II, each cell still has half as many as the parent cell in prophase I, but each chromosome has only 1 chromatid

Question 27

Rough ER

Answer 27

Has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

Powerhouse of the cell produces ATP (Animal, plant)

Question 29

Ribosomes

Answer 29

Needed for translation (RNA-> protein)

Question 29

Smooth ER

Answer 29

Involved in lipid synthesis

Question 29

Golgi

Answer 29

Receives proteins and lipids from ER, and tells them where to go

Question 30

Cell Wall

Answer 30

Provides structure and protection; made of cellulose (plants)

Question 31

Chloroplasts

Answer 31

Plants: convert solar energy into glucose (photosynthesis)

Question 32

Which is bigger: Eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 32

Eukaryotes; need much more energy

Question 33

Organelles in bacteria

Answer 33

DNA and ribosomes

Question 34

Genotype vs Phenotype

Answer 34

Genotype: Genetic makeup Phenotype: Visible traits

Question 35

Self-pollenation

Answer 35

Plant has both female and male organs

Question 36

Cross-Pollenation

Answer 36

Collect pollen from one individual and transfer to female organs of an individual whos male organs are removed

Question 37

Alleles

Answer 37

Different versions of the same genes

Question 38

Autosomes

Answer 38

Expressed the same in male and female Humans have 44

Question 39

Carriers

Answer 39

Carry a receccsive gene but do not portray it Almost always maternal

Question 40

3 prime end

Answer 40

Ends with OH group

Question 41

5 prime end

Answer 41

ends with phosphate group

Question 42

During polymerization, which end are new nucleotides added to

Answer 42

3 prime end