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BMS Lecture > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives input from other nerves

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2
Q

Axon

A

Action potential is sent through the

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Where two nerves meet
Do not directly touch: synaptic gap

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages sent through the neuron

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Wraps the nerve and moves messages quicker
Not all nerves have it

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6
Q

Electrical and chemical nerves

A

Electrical while passing through the nerve
Chemical while passing the synapse

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7
Q

Resting potential

A

A nerve does not have to constantly be passing messages/be electrically active
Makes ATP
Prepares to divide
Ready for action potential
-70 milivolts

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8
Q

Action potential

A

-55 milivolts to trigger
Neurotransmitters are sent through

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9
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles
Sodium and potassium

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10
Q

Ion channels

A

Sensitive to voltage
Sodium ion channel lets sodium through
Potassium ion channel lets potassium through

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11
Q

Resting potential: Sodium and Potassium ion channels

A

Most sodium is outside the cell
Most potassium inside the cell
Channels open: sodium enters, potassium leaves
Potassium channel opens slightly after sodium
Becomes positive in axon when enough excitatory neurotransmitters are received

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12
Q

Neuron nodes

A

spaces between myelin
ion channels are here in between myelin
signal jumps from node to node

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13
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: Nerves going off of spinal cord

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14
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Nerve fibers in middle of brain where messages can crossover
Connects left and right hemisphere

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15
Q

Surface of brain

A

Wrinkles and folds to increase surface area and to fit more nerves

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Allows stimuli to be recognized
Signal is sent to nerve, then brain

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17
Q

Human senses

A

Hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch

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18
Q

Hearing

A

Receptors receive waves of pressure (sound waves)
Receptors for changes in pressure: hair cells in inner ear

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19
Q

Eardrum/Temponic membrane

A

Moves back and forth when hit by waves
Door between outer and middle

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20
Q

Eustachia tube

A

Middle ear
From ear to back of throat
Periodically opens and closes
Allows ear to repressurize so middle part is at atmospheric pressure (ears popping)

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20
Q

Ossicles

A

3 small bones in middle ear
hammer
anvil
stirrup
Each one moves each other, to the next

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20
Q

Cochlea

A

Filled with fluid and hair cells
As fluid moves, the hair cells move
Hair cells then generate an action potential
Cochlea fluid keeps balance

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20
Q

Outer ear

A

Canal and lobe
eardrum

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20
Q

Middle ear

A

eardrum
ossicles
Eustachia tube

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21
Inner ear
Cochlea
22
Compound eyes
Insects, spiders, crustaceans Lens and photoreceptors, but many little eye units Good for a wide view Pixelated view Easy to see something move
23
Photons
Light is made of photons Photoreceptors in eyes
24
Camera eyes
Humans, dogs, zoo animals Light comes in from one location
25
Sclera
White of eye Blocks light Protective Tough connective tissue
26
Pupil
Hole in eye
27
Cornea
Clear layer to protect pupil and let light through
28
Iris
Colored part of eye to adjust the amount of light entering
29
Lens
To focus light to photoreceptors in back of eye
30
Retina
Back of eye holds photoreceptors
31
Fovea
Where photoreceptors are most densely located in retina
32
Rods
Responds to low wavelength/dim light Grayscale aspects of vision
33
Cones
Responds to high wavelength/color vision Mostly active during day
34
Optic nerve
Sends vision info to brain
35
Chemoreceptors
Responsive to chemicals Taste and smell
36
Components of taste
Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Savory(umami, activated by MSG) Ammonia chloride
37
Ammonia chloride and Bitter
Protective because a lot of these things are harmful
38
Taste temperature sensations
Menthol Capasaicin (scorille) (spicy)
39
Pressure sensations
Different amounts of pressure exertions necessary
40
Pain sensations
Chemicals leak and tell nerves something needs to be fixed
41
Hydrostatic skeleton
Jellyfish, sea animals Allows some movement Like a water baloon inside Helps fight the current
42
Exoskeleton
Insects, spiders, scorpions Skeleton on the outside Made of glucose, very flexible Needs to be shed, 8-10 hours to grow a new one
43
Endoskeleton
Collagen makes cartilage and bone
44
Cartilage
very flexible made of collagen
45
Bone
Mineralized collagen and calcium Strong
46
Joints
Human bones allow movement where they connect
47
Flexor
Contracts/shortens joints
48
Tendon
Muscle to bone connective tissue
49
Extensor
Extends muscle
50
Ligament
Connects bone to bone cushions absorbs shock holds bones together
51
Hinge joints
Flex + extensor knee, elbow
52
Ball and socket joint
Can twist 360 range of motion Hips, shoulders Still flexor and extensor but different arrangements
53
4 Necessities for muscle contraction and relxation
1. Primary proteins 2. Accessory proteins 3. Calcium 4. ATP
54
Primary proteins
Actin and myosin
55
Accessory proteins
Troponin and Tropomyosin
56
Sliding Filament Model
Sarcomeres contain thin filament (actin) and thick filament (myosin) Myosin binds to actin naturally but needs ATP to pull it Troponin and tropomyosin block myosin from binding to actin, muscles is relaxed. Calcium is released from sacroplasmic reticulum Accessory proteins remove from actin, myosin can now bind to actin When calcium returns to SR, repeats
57
Calcium release from sacroplasmic reticulum
Synapse between nerve and muscle Acetylcholine tells muscle to release calcium from SR Enters through T-tubules
58
Endocrine system
Types of hormones you can make and how cells respond Glands produce hormones and place them in circulation Certain cells have receptor sites for particular hormones to bind to in order for the hormone to be expressed
59
Types of hormones
Amino Acid based Protein based (larger version of amino acid) Lipid based (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol) (can enter directly into nucleus)
60
Effects of hormones
Can cause direct change or cause changes in the cell that cause change
61
Alertness/Metabolic activity
Thyroid gland: produces thyroxine (requires iodine) Goiter: Enlargement of thyroid gland. Disrupts production of thyroxine, metabolism decreases or increases
62
Parathyroids
4 smaller glands on each end of H shaped thyroid
63
Calcium production in thyroid
Thyroid produced calcitonin Thyroid puts calcium in bones for strength Parathyroids take calcium from bones to balance Osteoporosis: Not receiving enough calcium in diet, parathyroids keep taking but thyroid cannot give; bones weaken
64
Glucose vs. Glycogen
-Glycogen stored in muscles and liver Pancreas: insulin takes glucose which is either put in storage or used to make ATP As glycogen increases, glucose decreases
65
Glucagon in the pancreas
Breaks down glycogen into glucoses
66
Diabetes
Pancreas does not make enough insulin or insulin receptors are not working Or Pancreas does not make enough glucagon made or glucagon receptors not working
67
2 types of Immunity
General/Innate responses (always the same) Adaptive/Acquired response
68
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity response
2nd or 3rd time after facing new invader, immune system has learned how to protect B and T cells: Make antibodies and protect from immune disease
69
Vaccine Development (Antigen vs. Epitope)
Antigen: large foreign substance that triggers an immune response Epitopes: Smaller, makes up antigens Specific antibodies target

BMS Lecture (4 decks)

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