Exam 3

Question 1

Negative feedback

Answer 1

-For balance equilibrium
-Homeostasis
-Has no endpoint

Question 2

Positive feedback

Answer 2

-amplification
-has an endpoint
-No set point
-Ex: Contractions, blood clotting

Question 3

Humans set point temp

Answer 3

98.6 F
37 C

Question 4

Humans set point pH

Answer 4

7.4
Buffers in blood help keep it balanced

Question 5

Surface area vs. volume

Answer 5

volume increases quicker than surface area

Question 6

Gradients

Answer 6

flow from high concentration to low

Question 7

Types of tissues

Answer 7

Nervous: Made of nerves
Muscular: Muscle cells (3 kinds)
Connective: Most diverse; separates and supports other tissues
Epithelial: Layered arrangements of cells

Question 8

3 types of muscular tissue

Answer 8

Skeletal muscle: Attached to skeleton, voluntary movements
Smooth muscle: Contracts and relaxes but not attached to skeleton
Cardiac muscle: In your heart to move blood

Question 9

Bioenergetics (cellular respiration/ATP production)

Answer 9

Need: glucose and oxygen
Waste product: CO2 (6 molecules)
1: Glycolysis
2: Krebs/citric acid cycle
3: Electron
Total ATP: at least 30
Long term if cells have oxygen

Question 10

Glycolysis

Answer 10

Make 4 ATP
invest 2
net gain 2
Disassemble glucose
Doesn’t require mitochondria
glycolysis-> 2 pyruvate -> 2 aceytlCOA

Question 10

Krebs/citric acid cycle

Answer 10

Does not require mitochondria
Electron transport chain
Electron carriers: NADH, FADH2

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine

Question 12

Parts of a membrane in a cell (outermost to innermost)

Answer 12

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Inner membrane space
Matrix

Question 13

Gradient of hydrogen ions in mitochondria (krebs cycle)

Answer 13

Out of matrix, into intermembrane space
NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to proteins
Proteins need electrons in order to allow H+ through
Proteins pass electrons like relay race

Question 14

ATP synthase

Answer 14

Makes ATP
Line between intermembrane space and matrix

Question 15

Cellular fermentation

Answer 15

Short term for cells w/o oxygen
Produces: Carbon dioxide and ethanol

Question 16

Where does glycolysis take place

Answer 16

Cytoplasm

Question 17

Where does krebs cycle take place

Answer 17

Matrix of mitochondria

Question 18

Where does electron transport take place

Answer 18

Across inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 19

Chemical vs. mechanical digestion in mouth

Answer 19

Chemical
Enzymes
-Lipase: breaks down lipids
-Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates

Mechanical
-Teeth from front to back
-Incisors, canine, premolars, molars

Question 20

Chemical digestion in esophagus

Answer 20

No new enzymes added
Mucus: lubricant to help move food

Question 21

Peristasis

Answer 21

Contractions of smooth muscle for digestion

Question 22

Chemical digestion of stomach

Answer 22

-Has muscles to compartmentalize itself
- Sphincters prevent food from going back into esophagus
-Pepsin enzyme: breaks downs proteins in foods in stomach

Question 23

Small intestine digestion

Answer 23

-Last chance to break down food
-Lumen: hollow space
-Walls have lots of wrinkles and folds to increase surface area -> increase absorption
-Enzymes and bile from pancreas help

Question 24

Villi

Answer 24

Tiny projections in the intestines to increase surface area

Question 25

Large intestine

Answer 25

-Digestion is done -Compaction of waste -Reabsorb water -Some vitamin K production

Question 26

Open circulatory system

Answer 26

Blood moves through body but is not always in a vessel Can be around organs and tissues Insects, spiders

Question 27

Closed Circulatory system

Answer 27

Blood is only in blood vessel Humans Animals w/ prolonged activity

Question 28

Systemic circulation

Answer 28

Heart->Arteries->Arterioles->Capilaries->Venules->Veins->Heart

Question 29

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 29

Heart->lungs->heart

Question 30

Capilaries

Answer 30

Very small blood vessels Blood pressure is lowest Exchange takes place here

Question 31

4 Chambers of heart

Answer 31

2 Atria (smaller) 2 Ventricles (larger) Atrium-> Ventricles

Question 32

Arteries

Answer 32

Usually carry oxygenated blood, except pulmonary artery bc it needs to bring blood to lungs

Question 33

Veins

Answer 33

Usually carry unoxygenated blood, except pulmonary vein bc it just left the lungs

Question 34

Valves in heart

Answer 34

Valves are on both sides of the heart to keep blood pumping in the correct direction

Question 35

Right side of heart

Answer 35

Deoxygenated blood (before reaching lungs) Right Atrium-> Right Ventricle-> Pulmonary artery-> lungs-> Pulmonary veins

Question 36

Left side of heart

Answer 36

Pumps oxygenated blood (leaving lungs) Lungs-> Pulmonary veins-> Left atrium-> left ventricle-> Aorta-> then carried throughout the body

Question 37

Sinoatrial Node

Answer 37

Controls contractions of both atria Is at the top of the right atria

Question 38

Atrioventricular node

Answer 38

Causes both ventricles to contract At bottom of right atria

Question 39

What do nodes do

Answer 39

sections of the heart that act like nerves generate bursts of electrical activity

Question 40

Systolic vs. Diastolic

Answer 40

Sys: High blood pressure Dias: Low blood pressure

Question 41

Respiratory system

Answer 41

1. Mouth/Nose 2.Epiglottis: Switch between trachea and esophagus 3. Trachea: Lined w mucus to catch particles that get sneezed or coughed out 4. Bronchii branches (distribute air through lungs) 5. Smaller Branchiole branches 6. Alveoli (Alveolar sacs):gas exchange takes place

Question 42

Diaphragm

Answer 42

Shaped like a dome Exhale: Moves up Inhale: Moves down

Question 43

Cilia

Answer 43

cellular projections line the trachea Aid in removing particles stuck in mucus

Question 44

CO2 gradient

Answer 44

Out of circulation, into lungs

Question 45

Osmosis

Answer 45

movement of water through a semi permeable membrane -Net movement to the side of higher solute concentration, lower water concentration

Question 46

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

Answer 46

Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration (cell shrinks) Hypo: Lower solute concentration (cell swells) Isotonic: both sides are equal

Question 47

Kidney

Answer 47

Water removes ammonia from kidney Hemotora (Kidney bleeds due to trauma, urinary blood) Blood will always be in renal arteries Nephrons (renal arteries): permability changes along structure to reclaim water