Exam 2 practice Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
2
Q
Are epithelial tissue vascularized or avascular
A
avascular
3
Q
What is the epithelial tissue that is composed of a single layer?
A
simple
4
Q
What type of junctions prevent the movement of material between cells?
A
tight junctions
5
Q
What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of viscous (syrupy) mix of cell debris
A
Holocrine glands
6
Q
Connective tissue is composed of…
A
cells that are far apart with lots of intercellular material between them
7
Q
Which connective tissue cells produce collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers?
A
fibroblasts
8
Q
What type of connective tissue fibers are found in tissues that are subjected to stretch?
A
Elastic
9
Q
What connective tissue contains more collagen fibers, thus it has greater resistance to stretching?
A
Dense connective tissue
10
Q
What gets filtered through a series of nodes to remove foreign particles and mount immune responses before it is returned to the cardiovascular system as plasma
A
lymph
11
Q
Cartilage cells are called
A
chondrocytes
12
Q
What tissue component of mucous membranes is referred to as the lamina propria?
A
connective tissue
13
Q
totipotent stem cells
A
divide to form any other cell type within the embryo or placenta
14
Q
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
A
- protection of the body from the external environment
- maintenance of homeostasis in body temperature
- detection of pressure, temperature, pain, and other senses.
15
Q
Which layer of epidermis is made of dry dead keratinocytes that provide mechanical protection against abrasion?
A
Stratum corneum
16
Q
How do the high levels of melanin affect vitamin D production in the skin?
A
High melanin levels impede vitamin D production.
17
Q
Which epidermal structures are NOT found in the thin skin that covers most of the body, except for the soles and palms?
A
stratum lucidium
18
Q
What is the superficial layer of dermis?
A
papillary layer
19
Q
During which stage of the growth cycle does the hair quit growing and the hair follicle shrinks?
A
regression stage
20
Q
What is the area of skin with a thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail called?
A
hyponychium
21
Q
Which sweat glands produce body odor?
A
apocrine sweat glands
22
Q
What degree burn extends into the epidermis, dermis, and even the subcutaneous tissue. This type of burn can appear white, black, or red, and it requires medical attention?
A
Third degree burn
23
Q
Which protein makes up the matrix of bone tissue?
A
collagen
24
Q
What is the name of the spaces within spongy bone that contain bone marrow?
A
diploe
25
What anchor muscles to bone?
tendons
26
Which bones take on various complex shapes and include the bones of the vertebrae?
irregular bones
27
What is the enlarged end of long bones called?
epiphysis
28
What is the name of a membrane that lines the outer surfaces of bones?
periosteum
29
is bone tissue innervated?
yes
30
Which bone cells secrete digestive enzymes and pump out hydrochloric acid that breaks down the collagen and minerals of the bone matrix?
osteroclasts
31
Which components of a bone matrix comprises about 2/3 of bone mass?
calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite)
32
Which type of ossification generates most of the bones of the skeleton?
endochondral
33
Which type of ossification begins when ossification centers emerge from a thickened layer of embryonic mesenechyme?
intramembranous
34
Which hormone is released when the blood calcium is too low?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
35
What is the normal age related loss of bone due to the decrease in their protein synthesis and secretion of bone matrix, and a subsequent decrease of bone mineralization and density?
osteopenia
36
Which type of fracture occurs straight across the long axis of a bone?
transverse
37
Which stage of bone healing involves a production of cartilage and dense regular connective tissue to close the gap between the broken bones?
fibrocartilaginous callus
38
What are the mobile structures present on the surface of some epithelial cells that beat back and forth in a rhythmic motion promoting the movement of substances along the surface of the cells?
cilia
39
What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of lipids and cytoplasm (water, ion, other molecules)
apocrine glands
40
Which connective tissue cells are known as embryonic connective tissue cells that can differentiate into various connective tissue cells?
mesenchymal cells
41
Which type of connective tissue fivers are made of type 1 collagen?
collagen fibers
42
Which type of connective tissue makes up the structures present where there is a lot of strain when pulling from end to end, such as what happens on a tendon or ligament?
regular dense
43
What are RBC also know as?
erythrocytes
44
Which type of osseous tissue is found on the exterior regions of bone organs and provides most of the strength?
compact
45
skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, uninucleated or have no nucleus?
multinucleated
46
What are the supportive and nourishing cells of nervous tissue?
neuroglia
47
Which type of membranes line body cavities not exposed the external environment such as the abdominopelvic or peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity?
serous
48
in people who regularly smoke their normal pseudostratified epithelium changes into the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. this change of tissue is referred to as..
metaplasia
49
Which epidermal cells destroy invading microbes?
macrophages
50
Which layer of epidermis contain tactile cells that function as sensory receptors?
stratum basale
51
What is the skin condition where people have melanocytes unable to produce melanin resulting in their skin and hair appearing pale or white?
albinism
52
What is the function of hair?
1. shield skin from the sun
2. trap dust, dirt and sweat
3. provide sensory information about touch
53
What is another name for a nail cuticle?
eponychium
54
What is another name for the sweat glands?
sudoriforous glands
55
Which protein makes up the matrix of bone tissue?
collagen
56
Which type of bone tissue makes up the outer portions of all bones?
compact
57
Which bones include most bones of the skull, and also include the ribs, sternum and scapula?
flat bones
58
Where is the yellow marrow located in the long bones?
within the medullary cavity
59
which bone cells are active bone matrix producing cells?
osteoblasts
60
What regulates the rates of deposition into and removal of calcium from the bone matrix?
hormones and vitamin D
61
Which type of cartilage growth lengthens bone?
interstitial
62
Which type of ossification involves the formation of hyaline cartilage first that is gradually replaced by osseous tissue?
endochondral
63
which hormone results in the increased bone mass?
Calcitonin
64
Which type of fracture has bone segments that are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion?
spiral
65
What is the name of the first stage of bone healing?
hematoma
66
heart, stomach and musculature of the body are composed of what tissue?
connective
67
What type of junctions act as molecular tethers that anchor epithelial cells to adjacent epithelial cells and the basement membrane? they can also be found in other tissue types such as cardiac muscle tissue
desmosomes
68
What type of glands are thyroid and adrenal glands classified as?
endocrine glands
69
What type of connective tissue fibers form a delicate branching 3D or scaffolding framework called stroma which holds functional cells in place?
reticular fibers
70
Which type of loose connective tissue is found around the heart, within the peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavities, behind the eyeballs, and distributed in various places under the skin where it insulates and protects them?
adipose tissue
71
osseous bone tissue and cartilage are examples of what type of connective tissue
supportive
72
The layer of a serous membrane closest to the organ is
the visceral layer
73
multipotent stem cells
are limited in their capacity to differentiate but can change into many other cell types
74
merkel cells
are the sensory receptors for touch
75
The deepest layer of epidermis is
stratum basale
76
the characteristics of a melanoma
1. asymmetrical
2. border is irregular
3. color is not uniform
4. diameter is greater than 6mm
5. evolving rapidly
77
What is NOT found in the thick skin of the soles and palms?
hair and sebacious glands
78
is hypodermis considered part of skin?
no
79
What is the name of a crescent shaped region of thick epithelium at the base of a nail bed?
lunula
80
What are the functions of bone tissue?
1. provides attachment points for skeletal muscles to assist them in producing various body movemnets
2. protects and stabilizes body and organs
3. produces all blood cells (hematopoiesis)
4. stores minerals and lipids
81
what links one bone to another bone?
ligaments
82
osteoclasts
giant multinucleated cells that meander through the bone matrix devouring and breaking down the bone matrix as they go
83
What assists with calcium deposition into the bones and calcium absorption from the GI tract?
vitamin D
84
Longitudinal bone growth happens through the..
interstitial growth of cartilage
85
Which type of ossification involves the formation of hyaline cartilage first that is gradually replaced by osseous tissue?
endochondral
86
Which hormon targets osteoclasts and increases their rate of activity?
PTH
87
What type of fracture is when the ankle bones are broken?
potts
88
Which type of tissue refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways and form certain glands?
epithelial tissue
89
What are the sides of the cells making up the tissue that face the border with the connective tissue are known as?
the basal surface
90
Which type of epithelium is ideal for promoting diffusion, excretion, and absorption? it is found in portions of the body such as alveoli of the lungs and capillaries.
simple squamous epithelium
91
What type of junctions made up of intermediate filaments and other fibrous and anchoring proteins tie epithelial ells to one another?
desmosomes
92
What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of viscous mix of cell debris?
holocrine
93
Connective tissue is composed of..
cells that are far apart with lots of intercellular material between them
94
Which connective tissue cells secrete proteins and hyaluronan which combine to form the viscous proteoglycan of the ground substance in the matrix?
fibroblasts
95
Which type of connective tissue fibers will be most commonly found in the liver where cells need to be held in a particular arrangement near the blood supply and in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen?
Reticular fibers
96
Which type of connective tissue is taken up by collagen fibers that are, for the most part, running parallel with eachother which gives the tissue a high tensile strength?
regular dense
97
Which blood cells distribute oxygen throughout the body?
RBC
98
Which type of cartilage is the most common type of cartilage that can be found in the nose, trachea, larynx, costals, and articular ends of long bones?
hyaline
99
in a tissue, muscle cells are arranged...
parallel to eachother
100
Which part of a neuron is sensory(receiving a signal or detecting a stimulus)?
dendrites
101
mucous membranes, serous membranes and the cutaneous membrane are included in the..
epithelial membranes
102
What type of cells is epidermis made of?
keratinocytes
103
Which layer of epidermis has the most cornified (keratinized) cells?
stratum corneum
104
Which skin pigment is obtained from the diet sources such as carrot, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins is yellow/orange in color?
carotene
105
What type of cells are hair made of?
epithelial
106
Which region of the nails has a matrix of dividing cells that enable a nail to grow continually?
nail root
107
Which bones make up the majority of bone mass in the upper and lower extremities of the body?
long bones
108
Which region of the long bone contains spongy bone?
epiphysis and metaphysis
109
What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones?
endosteum
110
Which components of a bone matrix comprises about 1/3 of bone mass?
organic collagen fibers
111
Which type of cartilage growth lengthens bone?
interstitial
112
What type of ossification involves osteoblasts covered by periosteum?
intramembranous
113
Which hormone is released when the blood calcium is too high?
calcitonin
114
What is the name of a process of realigning a fractured bone?
reduction
115
