Exam 2 Pt 1

Question 1

What is the function of the Skeletal system?

Answer 1

To provide support and protection to the body

Question 2

Differentiate axial from appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

Axial- Everything but the appendages

Appendicular- The appendages

Question 3

Overall function of bone markings?

Answer 3

They serve as an attachment site

Question 4

3 Types of cartilage

Answer 4

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Question 5

Hyaline function and distribution

Answer 5

Used to form and absorb shock and reduce friction

Found at the end of long bones

Question 6

Fibrocartilage function and distribution

Answer 6

Resists tension and compression

Found in meniscus, intervertebral disks

Question 7

Elastic function and distribution

Answer 7

Provides flexibility

Found in external ear, Epiglottis

Question 8

Bone membranes

Answer 8

Periosteum

Endosteum

Question 9

Location and function of periosteum

Answer 9

Tough outer layer of bone

Serves as protection and a channel for blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue

Question 10

Location and function of endosteum

Answer 10

Covers internal surfaces of the medullary cavity

Bone growth and repair

Question 11

Compact Bone

Answer 11

Forms superficial aspect of all types of bone
Especially thickened in diaphysis
More thin in epiphyseal regions
Gives bones tree ring appearance

Question 12

Spongy Bone

Answer 12

Forms deeper portion of all bones

Irregularly arranged osteons, giving it a honeycomb look

Question 13

Differentiate ligaments vs. tendons

Answer 13

Ligaments attach bone to bone

Tendons attach muscle to bone

Question 14

Define Hemopoeisis

Answer 14

The production of all blood cells

Takes place in red bone marrow

Question 15

Examples of long bones

Answer 15

Humerus
Femur
Phalanges
Radius

Question 16

Examples of Short bones

Answer 16

Carpals
Tarsals
Patella

Question 17

Examples of flat bones

Answer 17

Skull bones (parietal, frontal)

Question 18

Examples of irregular bones

Answer 18

Vertebrae

Question 19

Components of long bones

Answer 19

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
MEdullary cavity
Periosteum
Endosteum

Question 20

Function and location of red bone marrow

Answer 20

Found in areas with spongy bone

Produces all blood cells

Question 21

Function and location of yellow bone marrow

Answer 21

Found in medullary cavities in diaphysis of adult long bones

Energy storage

Question 22

Microscopic components of compact bone

Answer 22

Central canal
Concentric Lamellae
Lucunae
Canaliculi

Question 23

Define Trabeculae

Answer 23

Irregular projections of spongy bone

Question 24

What is the chemical composition of bone

Answer 24

Organic: collagen, proteoglycans, Glycoproteins

Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite

Question 25

Where compact bone is thick

Answer 25

Diaphysis

Question 26

Where compact bone is thin

Answer 26

Epiphysis

Question 27

Osteon placement in compact bone

Answer 27

Regularly aligned, parallel and densly packed | which gives it a tree ring appearence

Question 28

What is the diaphysis

Answer 28

Shaft or long parts of bone

Question 29

What is the epiphysis

Answer 29

Head or ends of bones

Question 30

What is the epiphyseal plate

Answer 30

Growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 31

What is the epiphyseal line

Answer 31

ossified growth plate found in adult bones

Question 32

What is the medullary cavity

Answer 32

opening in the diaphysis containing bone marrow

Question 33

Where is compact bone found

Answer 33

Superficial layer of all bones

Question 34

Intersitital bone growth

Answer 34

Describes how bones grow length wise to become longer

Question 35

Appositional bone growth

Answer 35

Describes how bones become wider and thicker

Question 36

When does interstitial growth happen

Answer 36

Usually until after puberty

Question 37

When does appositional growth happen

Answer 37

Throughout your lifetime

Question 38

The impact of mechanical stress on bone growth

Answer 38

Mechanical stress, such as exersize, can cause bone to "stretch" because of the tension of pulling muscles at attachment sites

Question 39

Sex hormones on bone growth

Answer 39

Estrogen and Testosterone accelerate bone growth at puberty but also signal for the closure of the epiphyseal plate

Question 40

Role of parathyroid hormone on blood calcium and bone growth

Answer 40

parathyroid is released from the parathyroid gland when calcium is low. This stimulates osteocalsts to break down bone

Question 41

What hormone is released when calcium is low

Answer 41

parathyroid

Question 42

What cell breaks down bone

Answer 42

Osteoclasts

Question 43

Role of calcitriol on blood calcium and bone growth

Answer 43

Calcitriol is released from the thyroid gland when calcium is high. This inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone

Question 44

What hormone is released when calcium is high

Answer 44

Calcitriol

Question 45

Method of embryonic bone development

Answer 45

Intramembranous ossification

Question 46

What is intramembranous ossification

Answer 46

Bone formation from sheeets of membranous mesenchymal tissue

Question 47

Role of osteoblasts

Answer 47

To form bone/matrix

Question 48

Role os osteoclasts

Answer 48

To break down/ dissolve bone/ matrix

Question 49

What are osteocytes

Answer 49

Mature bone cells

Question 50

Inorganic components of bone

Answer 50

Hydroxyapatite