Exam 2: Reformation and the Counter Reformation/Wars of Religion Flashcards
1
Q
What are the causes of the reformation?
A
When the printing press was created, it led to the mass production of bibles. Literacy increases, and so does the self-interpretation of bibles.
2
Q
Who was John Wycliffe?
A
Englishman, Catholic, believed people need to read the bible to interpret it themselves (Converted the Latin Bible to English). Questioned what’s going on w/ Catholicism
3
Q
What are John Wycliffe’s followers called?
A
Lollards
4
Q
Who are the Lollards?
A
John Wycliffe’s followers?
5
Q
Who was Jan Hus?
A
from the Czech Republic, Catholic, believed authority of the bible was what mattered, not the church or institute.
6
Q
What are Jan Hus’s followers called?
A
Hussites
7
Q
Who are the Hussites?
A
Jan Hus’s followers
8
Q
Who was Martin Luther?
A
German (HRE), He wrote: 95 Theses (1517), book about 95 thoughts Luther had about God, Heaven, religion. Believed the Bible is the central religious authority + that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds, going against Catholic Church thoughts. Challenged Pope, rejected Roman Catholic Church. Wrote Bible in German.
9
Q
What are Martin Luther’s followers called?
A
Lutherans
10
Q
Who are the Lutherans?
A
Martin Luther’s followers
11
Q
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A
Swiss, Roman Catholic Pastor, Preached reform (no fasts, clerical marriage) Conflict w/ Anabaptists. Credits Erasmus, Known as the “People’s Priest”, Believed that anything that didn’t have literal support in scripture should not be believed or practiced. He promoted clerical marriage, questioned the use of images in places of worship His beliefs led to Swiss Civil Wars- Protestant/Catholics
12
Q
Who was John Calvin?
A
French, Born into wealth, very well educated, Calvinism replaces Lutheranism, Influence in Geneva, Switzerland, He will come up again as he’s influential in Wars of Religion via Calvinism, He wanted to reorder society in “god’s plan” + began to think about and urge the separation of church and state, Impact: Wars of Religion
13
Q
What are John Calvin’s followers called?
A
Calvinists
14
Q
Who are the Calvinists?
A
John Calvin’s followers
15
Q
What is Predestination?
A
Belief or doctrine that all events have been predetermined by God
16
Q
Who are the Anabapists?
A
(began in 1520s), Christian movement where baptism is only valid when one can confess (thus against the baptism of infants), They re-baptized themselves, a crime punishable by death., They were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants as they wanted to prevent the movement’s growth
17
Q
Who is Conrad Grebel?
A
(1498-1526) An Anabapist who performed the first adult baptism
18
Q
Who is Johann Tetzel?
A
(1465-1519), Roman Catholic, Considered “Grand Inquisitor”— job was to combat hersey
19
Q
Who is Pope Leo X?
A
Full name was “Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici”, He’s a Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, Heavy Spender (St. Peter’s Basilica costs a lot!) in 1521, Excommunicated Martin Luther due to beliefs
20
Q
What was the Diet of Worms?
A
An assembly that happened in Worms, Germany of the Holy Roman Empire under Charles V. It was done to determine how authorities (both political and religious) should respond to Martin Luther’s teachings.
21
Q
What was the Edict of Worms?
A
It was a decision that said Martin Luther is an outlaw + anyone who helps him will be punished
22
Q
What was the Act of Uniformity?
A
(Parliament of England, 1558. Used to Unify the Anglican Church) England decided that everyone in England needed to be Protestant
23
Q
Who was King Henry VIII?
A
English, (1491-1547, ruled from 1509-1547). Second Tudor Monarch, had six marriages. Broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to created the Anglican Church/Church of England so he could divorce his first wife.
24
Q
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
A
Daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain, Married Arthur, and when he died young, marries Henry VIII. Bears no sons, but has Mary I, Future Queen.
25
Who is Anne Boleyn?
Henry VII’s Second Wife. Queen from 1533 to 1536.
26
Who are the Theatines?
founded in 1524 by one of the founders, Pope Paul IV. Purpose: practice of virtue, preach the gospel, reform lax morals, make changes to make church easier for laity. The Theatine Church is in Munich, Germany (in the HRE)
27
Who are the Ursulines?
(founded in 1535), Influential order for Women. Convents: Italy, France. Religious Education for girls, Women taught how to read + write, able to learn + decide for themselves
28
Who is Ignatius of Loyola?
(1491-1556), Spanish priest who founded the Jesuit order.
29
Who are the Jesuits?
Globalized Catholic Religion, started in Spain (1530s), Originally 10 members, grew to 15k+ over next 100 years in places like India, Japan, Americas. Focus: Physical and moral self-discipline “Spiritual Exercises”, Deny themselves and submit without question to higher church authority and direction. Helped win many Protestants back to the Catholic Church
30
What is the Council of Trent?
(1545-1563) in Northern Italy (Strictly under the Popes Control. Concern was to look from within to rectify issues/wants to reorganize the Catholic Church) Had 3 sessions over 18 Years, regarding: War + Plague, Imperial Political Issues, and Papal Political Issues
31
Who is Charles V?
Holy Roman Emperor, compels Pope Paul III to act against the Reformation.
32
Who is Lady Jane Grey?
English, Put on the Throne by Edward VI as he wanted to keep the nation Protestant (didn’t want it to go to his Catholic half-sister, Mary I). Grey was very well educated and a humanist. Queen for 10 days, Beheaded-- strong support for the principle of a hereditary monarch, seen as threat to Mary
33
Who is Mary I of England?
English, Daughter of Henry VIII + Catherine of Aragon. Ruled from 1553-1558. Catholic, probs best known for her aggressive attempt to reverse the English Reformation. Married Philip II of Spain (Catholic). Had important Protestant leaders executed for heresy: Thomas Cramner. 287 Burned at the Stake during her reign. Many fled + would later serve under Elizabeth I’s reign. Nickname by Protestants: Bloody Mary. Death: Cancer?
34
Who is Elizabeth I?
(1533-1603), Ruled from 1558-1603 (44 years of control). Mary I’s half sister. Daughter of Henry VIII + Anne Boleyn. Good manipulator: guided religious differences through Parliament to keep England from facing turmoil due to religion. Showed little mercy for those who threatened the Unity of her rule
35
Who are the Puritans?
A religious group who wanted to “Purify” the CoE of every sign of “popery”. Thought Elizabeth I moderate reforms were incomplete. Concerns: Catholic ceremony + vestments (garments worn). Episocopial system of church governance, order of rule.
36
Who are the Presbyterians?
Scottish Calvinists + English Protestants who advocated a national church
37
Who are the Congregationalists?
more extreme Puritans. Elizabeth didnt tolerate this group (too extreme!)
38
What is the Conventicle Act of 1593?
Gave this separatist group the option to either conform to the practices of the CoE, be exiled, or put to death. Puritans + Separatists go to Americas.
39
Who is Mary, Queen of Scots?
1542-1587. French background (she’s from the Guise family) and Catholic. Heir to the crown, Had to flee to England amid public scandal. Queen Elizabeth doesnt like French presence in Scotland. Plots to overthrow England come about, which posed problems— what to do with Mary (She’s Catholic, while Elizabeth is Protestant). Mary is beheaded (treason/betraying ones country) which set off Catholic concern and set the stage for Spanish invasion of England. Her son, James 6 of Scotland becomes James I of England, start of Stewart dynasty
40
What was England’s response to Spain’s attempted invasion?
Sir Francis Drake shelled the port of Cádiz, inflicting heavy damages on Spanish ships and stores, Then Drake raided the coast of Portugal, forcing the Spanish to postpone their invasion of England until 1588. When they did invade, the bargers were prevented from leaving, so the swifter English and Netherlands’ ships dispersed the waiting Spanish fleet.
41
How does the Reformation affect Education?
England, France, Germany: Creation of new Protestant schools and Universities, Humanist nature and opposed Scholasticism (traditional). Ignatius of Loyola: Exercises, insists when bible and church fathers were read directly, they were read under Scholastic theologian guidance. Erasmus came to fear the Reformation as a threat to liberal arts and good learning
42
What was religious life like in the 15th century?
Clergy + religious everywhere. 6-8% of urban pop. + had considerable political + spritiual power. Legislated, taxed, tried cases in church court, enforced laws w excommunication threats. Church calendar led life. ⅓ of year: religious observance/celebration. Monasteries, especially nunneries: prominent + influential— Society’s most powerful citizen’s children lived there. Pilgrims gathered at local religious shrines by hundreds/thousands, searching for miracles + entertainment. Many clergy had concubines + children despite swearing off, church tolerated upon fines payment. Ppl complain about clergy’s exemption from tax, civil criminal code + having to support church offices when occupants live + work elsewhere, turning soul curing to poorly trained + paid substitutes. Ppl concerned church had too much influence over edu. + culture.
43
What was religious life like in the 16th century?
Same cities: Reformation established itself, changes evident. Same aristocratic fams governed, rich get richer, poor get poorer. But clergy numbers fell by ⅔, religious holidays shrank by ⅓. Monasteries almost gone, changed to hospices/ educational institutions. Remainers for devout old monks + nuns that couldnt leave— died out when they died as no new religious could enter. Churchs reduced number by at least ⅓, worship almost always done in vernacular instead of Latin. Laity not forced to fast. Local shines closed down, ppl openly worshiping saints/relics/images were punished. Copies of Luther’s New Testament translation were found in homes, new clergy encouraged Bible meditation. Clergy could marry, most did. They paid tax + were punished for crimes in civil court. Not all Protestant clergy were enthusiastic about new lay authority in religion. Laity had mixed feelings about certain aspects of Reformation. Over half of OG converts returned Catholic before 16th cent end. ½ of Europe could be counted as Protestant in mid-16th cent, but only ⅕ would be by mid-17th cent.
44
How does the role of women change during the Reformation?
Protestant reformers favored clerical marriage + opposed celibacy— challenged medieval tendency to degrade woman as temptress + praise them as virgins. Protestants opposed antiwoman + antimarriage literature of Middle Ages. They praised woman in own right, but especially as mother/housewife. Wives subjected to husbands, but new laws gave greater security. Sex relief: prominent in Protestant arguments for marriage. Reformers also viewed wives as work companions, counter Catholic criticism of clerical marriage as distraction from ministry. Protestants stressed sacredness of home +fam. Ideal of coworker marriage expanded divorce grounds: women could divorce + remarry in good conscience. Protestants wanted women as pious housewives, encouraging literacy education in hope they would model their lives on Bible. Women found biblical passages making clear their equality to men. Education gave some women roles as independent authors— steps towards women’s freedom.
45
How does the Reformation change family life?
Between 1500-1800, ppl in Western Europe married at later ages than before. Men: mid-late 20s. Women: early-mid 20s. Church-santioned age stayed 14 for men, 12 for women. Church-recognized private vows. After Reform. Protestants + Catholics required parent consent + public church vows before marriage considered valid. In 16th cent, ⅕ women never married. Combined w/ 15% unmarried widows, large unmarried female pop. Later marriage= shorter marriage. Women who bore children later had higher mortality rates, meaning more frequent remarriage for men. Delayed marriage increased premarital sex + no. of illegitimate children. Became usual for future bride + groom to know each other + have some prior relationship. Parents respected couple’s feelings for each other, didn’t forced total strangers to live together. Children had legal right to refuse forced marriage. Western European fam: nuclear fam (father, mother, 2-4 children who survived into adulthood). Lived in larger household w in-laws, servants, laborers, boarders. Average parents had 6-7 kids, new birth every 2 years. About ⅓ died by age 5, ½ by teens. Rare to not have child death. Churchs condemnation of male withdrawl during ejaculation during 13-14th cents suggest existence of contraceptive mentality. Early birth control not very effective, church opposed them as “natural end of sex was reproduction” Church + physicans condemned women who hired wet nurses. Was popular among upper-class woman, reflecting social standing. Increased infant morality risk by exposing infants to strange + shared milk from women who weren’t as healthy + lived in worse conditions than their mothers. Women did anyway for vanity + convenience. Men wanted wet nurses as they could have sex w/ wives. Trad. Western European family seem cold + distant. Children age 8-13: routinely sent to apprenticeships, school, jobs in homes + business of relatives, friends, sometimes strangers.A well-apprenticed child was self-supporting-- a child w/ a future. Emotional ties between spouses were also weak. Widow(ers) remarried within a few months + large age gaps suggest limited affection— age gaps no longer the norm in early modern Europe (same w/ net nurses), facing critique + ridicule.
46
What are the population trends from 1300-1600?
They go down during the mid 1300s due to the Black Death, then increase as people get more money.
47
What is the Commerical Revolution?
Period of European economic expansion, Will lead to the Industrial Revolution. Involves Colonialism and Mercantilism. Increase in general commerce. Growth in financial services: Banking, Insurance, Investing
48
What are the Geographic Factors?
Overland trade routes to Asia become more expensive, alternative routes are wanted, Farming practice and rules are emerging (Enclosure Movement), Portuguese and Spanish exploration
49
Who are the Fuggars?
Northern Europe- The Fuggers: lend money to many, including nobility- eventually bankrupt
50
Who are the Lloyds of London?
(1688) An insurance company that looked at categorization of risk as a means of protection from financial loss
51
What is Two Field Crop Rotation?
an early farming system where one of two fields was cultivated while the other lay fallow. Often, wheat or barley was planted in one section of land while the other lay dormant. During the next growing season, the planting of crops was rotated. Animals were often brought in to eat off the stubble of the dormant land, and the drops helped fertilize the field.
52
What is Three Field Crop Rotation?
a farming system whereby two of the three field were cultivated while the third field was left fallow to recover its fertility. The following growing season crops were then rotated so that a different field was left fallow. Increase in food production to meet the growing European population
53
What was the impacts of Two and Three Field Crop Rotations?
Reduced the risk of crop failure and famine, Potentially double the output, Production of oasts as animal feed (horses to replace ox for speed), Development of harnesses for animals allows for an easier and efficient means for cultivating the land (Animal Harness)
54
What change has happened in the Netherlands Regarding Banking?
In the Netherlands, Bank of Amsterdam (late 1500s) issues paper money for exchange. Trade ease. Amsterdam becomes the trade center of the world
55
What are joint-stock companies?
a company whose stock is owned by shareholders (can be unequal ownership) (the people invest) Multiple owners reduce risk
56
What is the 1600’s British East India Company?
Trading mainly w/ China, will account for half of the worlds trade. (owned by Aristocrats and Merchants. Will control Indian subcontinent.
57
What is the 1602’s Dutch East India Company?
Dutch gov granted a 21 year monopoly on spice trade. Developed to compete with Spain and Germany’s relationship
58
What are the Dutch doing due to wealth and population growth?
Organizing and making better use of lands. Draining wet lands to reclaim lands for food growth + animal grazing. Canal building for water movement used to irrigate land. Some pasture lands were converted to arable lands. Growth in animal use helped increase other industries and more yield: hides, meat production, milk, manure. Wool will soon influence the use of land.
59
What was the Enclosure Act?
A series of Acts created by English Parliament to enclose common lands + open fields creating legal property rights to lands that were once open to the common public. Over 300 years, beginning in the early 1600s, about 7 million acres of land were enclosed. More production by less people, and the breakdown of tenant farmers (ppl who pay to farm in enclosed lands) force ppl to look elsewhere for work… thus the movement to more urban areas. Increase in urban populations
60
What are the benefits of the Enclosure movement?
Reduces waste, Easier decisions about how to use the land… control by one, Larger land space, more likely to invest in tech + fertilizer + seed, Need to invest in water movement (ditches for irrigation) Greater tonnage= greater profits, Enclosed areas= higher tenant rents (supply + demand)
61
What caused the 30 Years War?
The Peace of Augsburg caused problems as people fight with neighboring provinces that are different religions from them
62
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Allowed each province in the HRE to be Lutheran or Catholic.
63
Who is Maximilian of Bavaria?
The Prince in the HRE, A Devout Catholic (Jesuit), Proponent of Counter Reformation. Catholic League and Army (From Bavaria: SE Germany)
64
What is the Council of Trent?
(1545-1563) in Northern Italy (Strictly under the Popes Control. Concern was to look from within to rectify issues/wants to reorganize the Catholic Church). 3 sessions over 18 Years 1. War+ Plague, 2. Imperial Political Issues, 3. Papal Political Issues
65
What was Period I (Bohemian Stage) of the 30 Year’s War?
War broke out in Bohemia after Habsburg Ferdinand became king, determined to restore trad. faith to the eastern Habsburg lands (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary). He revoked the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants. The Protestant nobility in Prague responded by throwing his regents out the window of the royal palace. Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor as Ferdinand II. The Bohemians, however, declared the Calvinist elector Palatine, Frederick V, their king. Spain sent troops to Ferdinand, who found allies in Maximilian of Bavaria and Lutheran elector John George I of Saxony. Ferdinand’s army defeated Frederick V’s troops at the Battle of White Mountain— by 1622, Ferdinand had not only subdued and re-Catholiclized Bohemia but conquered the Palatinate as well. Maximilian of Bavaria pushed conflict into northwestern Germany, laying claim to land.
/Curtail previous reform freedoms: Protestant rebellion turns international. Ferdinand II of Bohemia + supporters (27k) troops win at White Mountain against 15k Protestant troops. Stage 1: Catholics Win
66
Who is Ferdinand II of Bohemia?
Devout Catholic, Parents sent him to Catholic School to keep him away from Lutherans, Habsburg Emperor, Restore Catholicism as the only religion to the HRE and to suppress Protestantism
67
What was Second Period (Danish Stage) of the 30 Years War?
These events raised fears that a reconquest and re-Catholicization of the empire now loomed. Lutheran king Christian IV of Denmark was eager to extend Danish influence over coastal towns of the North Sea. With English, French, and Dutch encouragement, he picked up the Protestant banner of resistance. In 1626, he entered Germany with his army but was humiliated by Maximilian and retreated. Protestant Wallenstein carried Ferdinand’s campaign into Denmark, breaking Protestant resistance. Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629, reaffirming the illegality of Calvinism, striking panic into Protestants and Habsburg opponents. With Victory in this period, Ferdinand II of Bohemia issued the Edict of Restitution. Stage 2, Catholics win
68
What was the Edict of Restiution?
(1629), ordered the return of all church lands Lutherans had acquired since 1552. Also made Calvinism illegal, adding fuel to the fire.
69
Who is Albrecht Von Wallenstein?
(1583-1634) Fought for Catholics against the Protestants, Noble/Mercenary (goes to highest bidder, not loyal to any side), Born Lutheran but converted to Catholicism, Military Strategist: Armies of 30k to 100k (beginning to see massive armies) Continued victories. Massive armies: Flanking
70
What was Third Period (Swedish Stage) of the 30 Years War?
The Swedish king won a victory at Breitenfeld in 1630— one that has been regarded as the most decisive engagement of the conflict. The victory happened as there was new mobility to warfare as each army unit could quickly change to offense or defense. In the Peace of Prague in 1635, German Protestant states reached a compromise with Ferdinand. France and the Netherlands continued Swedish support; this resistance to settlement led the war into its fourth and most devasting phase.
71
Who was Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden?
(1594-1632) Lutheran! Became the new leader of Protestant forces within the empire. He was controlled by the French minister Cardinal Richelieu who wanted to protect French interests by keeping Habsburg armies in Germany and by the Dutch, who hadn’t forgotten Spanish Habsburg rule in the 16th century.
72
Why did the French support the Protestants despite being Catholic?
Habsburg rule Spain + HRE, bordering the French, and the French want them out at least from the HRE. Their concern is the Habsburgs
73
What caused the French Wars of Religion/Huguenot Wars?
Political Conflict (The Guise and Bourbon family fight for Royal Inheritance/Control of the Throne) and Religious Conflict (Catholics + Protestant Huguenots are fighting). The French wars of religion began when the January Edict/ Edict of Toleration came to an abrupt end when the Duke of Guise massacred many Protestants at a congregation in Vassy, Champagne.
74
What ended the French Wars of Religion/Huguenot Wars?
It ended with the Edict of Nantes.
75
Who is the Guise family?
French: North (Catholic)
76
Who is the Bourbon Family?
Bourbon Family: French: South (Protestant Huguenots): this family wins the French Civil War
77
Who is Catherine de’ Medici?
Italian: Daughter of Lorenzo II, Wife of Henry II, so Queen of France. Machiavellian-type leader: absolute monarchy/authority. 1562, issued January Edict/ Edict of Toleration. Wants to unify the Country Granted Protestants the right to practice their religion, just not in public. Goal is to preserve the monarchy
78
What is the Edict of Nantes?
Issued by King Henry IV (Navarre), Granted Huguenots rights in mostly Catholic France. Goal: Political peace over religious unity
79
What were the rights the Huguenots gained in the Edict of Nantes?
Freedom of public worship, Right to assemble, Admission to public office and universities, Permission to maintain fortified towns, But only within their own towns and territories
80
What is Period 4 (Swedish-French stage) of the 30 Years War?
The French openly entered the war in 1635, sending men, munition, and financial subsidies. The war dragged on for 13 years, with French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers looting Germany, warring just for warfare. The Germans were too disunited to fight back. By the time peace talks began in 1644, the war had killed around ⅓ of the German population. It has been called the worst European catastrophe since the Black Death of the 14th century. The Protestants won!
81
What is the Treaty of Westphalia?
(1648), The ruler of the land determines the official religion of the land. (the treaty restores this from the Peace of Augsburg). Calvinists get legal recognition (originally not given in the Peace of Augsburg). Westphalian Sovereignty: each European Nation-State creates its own rule. Other countries will not interfere in its domestic affairs. Each nation is equal in law. Establishes European boundaries: Swiss and Netherlands Confederacy (Safe Haven for European Jews) (also Calvinists give money to these nations when they settle there)
82
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Westphalia?
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ended all hostilities in the Holy Roman Empire. It was written in not Latin, but French, becoming the international diplomatic language. The treaty rescinded the Edict of Restitution and reasserted the idea that the ruler of a land determines the official religion of that land. The treaty also gave Calvinists their legal recognition. The treaty perpetuated German division and political weakness into the modern period.
83
Who was Henry of Navarre/Henry IV of France?
From Bourbon family. Known as Good King Henry (called this as he’s more tolerant than his predecessors) and Henry the Great. Raised Protestant, converted to Catholicism. Hier to the French throne Problem: radical Catholic league (1576), Vengeful Huguenots (The Catholic League questions if he’s truly Catholic bc he used to be Protestant + doesnt hate Protestants. This thinking starts as he gave Huguenot’s rights). Goal: Political peace over religious unity. 1593- abandons the Protestant faith, “Paris is worth a Mass”, Gains support from church and the people… too much internal strife
84
What is the Edict of Toleration/January Edict?
Granted Protestants the right to practice their religion, just not in public. Goal is to preserve the monarchy
85
What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
When Catherine lent out support to the Massacre, her choices seemed panicked. She: part of plan to eliminate Coligny. After it failed, she feared king’s reaction to her teaming w/ Guises + Coligny’s response. She convinced Charles that Huguenot coup was coming + that only swift execution of Protestant leaders could save the crown. On Saint Bartholomew’s Day (Aug 24, 1572), Coligny + 3k Huguenots were killed in Paris. Within 3 days, 20k Huguenots killed in France. With France in Civil War, no French plans to oppose Philip II of Spain’s efforts to subdue rebellious subjects in Netherlands. This massacre gave Catholic world cause for new alarm, changing nature of struggle between Protestants + Catholics. No longer internal contest between Huise + Bourbons, or Huguenot campaign to win basic religious freedoms. In Protestant eyes, became international struggle for survival against adversary whose cruelty justified resistance.
86
Who is Phillip II of Spain?
Son of Charles V, Catholic! Married to Mary Tutor (Bloody Mary)) Supports the Catholic League. Leader of HRE and Spain.
87
What was happening with population growth in the 1600s?
By 1600, population of Europe exceeded 70,000,000. France, England, Netherlands population growth was the greatest. Inflation due to wealth + population growth, rise in goods prices. Spain suffers: wealthy are getting wealthier, poor are getting poorer. Taxes increase due to a need to protect resources + fund a military. (Poverty/Prosperity). Spanish peasants become some of the most taxed people in Europe. Spain: Catholic. Organized his nobles to run the lands of the empire
88
What do the Habsburgs have?
vast empire + wealth. Under Philip II’s rule, conquest of Inca Empire. Spain gets gold + silver, can expand military
89
What is the Catholic League?
Advocates for a Catholic France, Created to protect the Catholic religion
90
Who is William of Orange?
Wanted political autonomy + well being over religious rule, Dutch republic + later England, Attempt at Compromise: possible revolts: Some rebellion, but it didnt materialize to its fullest extent (of the William and Mary duo)
91
What are the struggles in the Netherlands?
One of the wealthiests areas of Europe: Antwerp (financial hub bc of boat loading + access to the sea)- also showed religious toleration (remember Italian city-states + the power within the wealth, also remember the resistance from religious protestors (Calvinist strongholds— they bring skills over when migrating to Netherlands)) People want to invade it.
92
What caused the wealth from the New World to enter Spain?
Exploration, Colonization
93
What happened after Spain got wealth from the New World?
Used it to repay loans, and to hire mercenaries (paid soldiers). Even w New World wealth + trade, never fully recovered from the debt left by Charles V. Banks had no resources against the Kings should they default
94
What was the Sack of Antwerp/ Spanish Fury?
(1576) 3 Days: Spanish mercenaries (unpaid, no leader) pillage Antwerp. More than 7k dead. Antwerp was financial center
95
What was the Pacification of Ghent?
Alliance, signed (1576) to get the Spanish mercenaries out of the Netherlands. Internal regional sovereignty in matter of religion. Similar to the Peace of Augsburg (1555)--- HRE
96
What was the Union of Utrecht?
Unifies Netherlands (1579)
97
Why are new taxes formed in Europe?
needed to support funds for armies
98
Why are new taxes formed in Europe?
needed to support funds for armies
99
What is the “Tenth Penny” tax in the Netherlands and what does it cause?
10% sales tax. Caused Unhappy merchants. Continued Persecution
100
Who is more tolerant, Northern Europe or Southern Europe?
Northern Europe
101
What ended the 30 Years War?
The Treaty of Westphalia
