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Microbio 101 > Exam 2 review > Flashcards

Exam 2 review Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Effect of pH on microbial growth?

A

H+ conc. in cell —-> most microbes prefer neutral pH = 6-8 (neutrophiles)

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2
Q

Effect of pressure on microbial growth?

A

Atmospheric pressure is the most common at (1 atm)

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3
Q

Oxygen effects on microbial growth

A

Oxygen serves as the terminal e- acceptor for the Electron Transport Chain

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4
Q

Obligate vs Facultative

A

Must vs May

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5
Q

Aerobe

A

Likes Oxygen

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6
Q

Anaerobe

A

Hates Oxygen

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7
Q

Temp. effects on microbial growth?

A

Each individual species has an optimal (cardinal) temperature for growth.

*Proteins are susceptible to high + low temps

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8
Q

Denature

A

Fall apart or break up

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9
Q

Mesophile

A

Likes Human Body temp level temperatures

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10
Q

Thermophile

A

Likes slightly warmer temps

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11
Q

Extreme Thermophile

A

Likes extremely warm temps

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12
Q

Planktonic growth

A

Cell grows individually in liquid

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13
Q

Biofilm

A

Cell growing in slimy group

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14
Q

Will an antibiotic be more effective against a biofilm or a planktonic growth?

A

It will be more effective against planktonic growth because it is easier to penetrate

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15
Q

Quorum sensing

A

cell to cell communication

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16
Q

Autoinducer

A

Chemical signal used for bacteria to communicate

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17
Q

Symbiotic

A

A relationship between two or more organisms

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18
Q

Parasitic

A

One organism called the PARASITE receives nutritional or other advantages at the expense of the HOST.

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19
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the interaction

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20
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and the other is not harmed or benefits

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21
Q

Amensalism

A

One species actively harms or produces a compound to inhibit growth of another species

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical workings of cell that generate of harness energy through the thousands of cellular biochemical reactions

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23
Q

Anabolic/endergonic

A

Reactions that consume energy (Synthesis of large Biomolecules)
Energy + A + B —–> AB

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24
Q

Catabolic/exergonic

A

Some reactions release energy (Breakdown large Biomolecules into smaller parts)
X + Y —> XY + energy

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25
Catabolism
Breakdown large Biomolecules into smaller parts. Releases energy
26
Anabolism
Synthesis of large Biomolecules. Requires input of energy.
27
What changes covalent bonds on one or more substrates in biochemical reactions
Enzymes
28
Enzymes
Protein that catalyze most of the chemical reactions of life *Lower Ea * increase rxn rate *Not altered or consumed during the rxn
29
Substrate
Reactant molecules in which enzymes act upon
30
Active site
Where the enzyme binds to the substrate
31
Induced fit
enzyme correctly orients itself to change the bonds
32
Substrate level phosphorylation
Reaction that produces ATP by transfer of a Pi to ADP from a substrate
33
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport linked to phosphorylation
34
electron carrier molecules
Much of the work of electron capture and transport in metabolic pathways falls to molecules with enhanced affinity for electrons that readily accept electrons from one substrate and donate them to another substrate - NAD+ FAD2+ NADP+
35
What molecule is the source of electrons in photosynthesis
H20 by NADPH
36
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6H20 --(Sun)---> Glucose (C6H1206) + 6O2 1.) Energy from sun is absorbed which causes water to split due to photolysis (gives off O2). This energy released drives photophosphorylation which synthesizes ATP and NADPH. 2.) At the same time C02 is taken in which is fixed into glucose (uses ATP from photophosphorylation).
37
1.) Glycolysis (fermentation) or fermentor
Overview: 1 glucose + 2 ATP + NAD+ -----> 2 3-Carbon Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH ----> Net + 2 ATP *NAD+ used and converted to NADH *Occurs in Cytoplasm for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes *no o2 is needed *UNIVERSAL FOR ALL LIFE!!
38
Oxidation
Loss of e-
39
Reduction
Gain of e-
40
2.) Krebs cycle
Overview: 1 acetyl coA --> 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 (1 turn) Goes through 2 turns so 2x products 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2 *Uses both NAD+ and FAD+ *Takes place in Mitochondria (Eukaryotes), and in the cytoplasm/cell membrane (prokaryotes) *Substrate level phosphorylation
41
3.) Electron Transport Chain
*Electron Carrier molecules NADh and FADH2 are oxidized and the transport proteins are reduced *series of redox reactions in the ETP that pump H+ in which a hydrogen ion gradient forms *H+ diffuse down conc. gradient through ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to ATP *NET RESULT IS OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - THE PROD. OF ATP THROUGH REDOX RXNS Produces: *34 ATP and 6H20 Location: Eukaryotes---> Mitochondria Prokaryotes-->Cell membrane and cytoplasm
42
Respiration
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. ETC
43
Chemioosmosis
high conc. of H+ flowing down its conc. gradient to low conc.
44
Proton-motive force
H+ ion gradient, H+ ions flow though ATP synthase to ADP + P ---> ATP
45
ATP
A high energy and universal compound for managing energy Generated through: Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation
46
NADH = ?ATP
3
47
FADH2 = ?ATP
2
48
Final e- acceptor for aerobes
O2
49
Transition step
The inbetween for glycolysis and the krebs cycle Pyruvate converted to acetyl coA Produces: 2 acetyl coA 2 NADH 2 CO2
50
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC ----> O2 is final e- acceptor
51
Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, respiratory chain ----> O2 is not the final e- acceptor
52
Fermentation
Glycolysis, organic compounds are the final e- acceptors *DONE IN THE ABSENCE OF O2
53
Infection
A microbe that invades a human or other organism & causes illness or disease
54
Ways for Eukaryotes to reproduce?
Asexually (mitosis) Sexually (meiosis)
55
Ways for Prokaryotes to reproduce?
Binary Fission
56
Binary fission
1.) Parent cell duplicates chromosomal DNA 2.) Chromosomes separate 3.) Septum forms and causes the cells to separate 4.) Daughter cells form
57
What maximizes the rate of population growth?
Optimization of growth conditions
58
Generation Time
Time required to go through the complete fission cycle "Birth of Daughter cells" -----> Birth of next daughter cells
59
Formula for generation time
G = t/n Growth = Time per gen / number of gen
60
Exponential growth
Growth that doubles each generation
61
Formula for predicting pop size over time
Nf = (Ni)*2^n
62
Lag phase
"flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth
63
Exponential growth phase
A period of max growth when cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment
64
Stationary phase
rate of growth equals the rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and O2 excretion of organic acids and pollutants
65
Death phase
As limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially, rate of death exceeds the rate of growth.
66
Blood culture test
The patient blood sample was used to inoculate rich liquid media that support the growth of bacteria, then incubated 24-48 hrs to check for growth
67
Results from Blood culture test
Specimens from the patient's blood sample look like the growth of bacteria from a patient blood sample
68
Gameplan
Use of different streak plating as a first pass to ID bacteria (selective and/or differential media) and to obtain isolated colonies so that additional tests can be performed.
69
What kind of plating is used on agar media plates?
Streak
70
Colony
A group of individual cells
71
Blood Agar
Rich medium containing 5% sheep blood that can differentiate bacteria based on their hemolytic properties
72
Types of hemolysis
Alpha Beta Gamma
73
Alpha hemolysis
Partial destruction Light colored green around colonies
74
Beta hemolysis
Total destruction clear zones around colonies
75
Gamma hemolysis
No damage No changing on the plate
76
Magnification
The extent of image enlargement
77
Light Microscopy
Simple technique Visible light wavelength 400 nm - 750 nm Between 40x - 2000x
78
Total magnification
Ocular lens x Objective lens
79
Electron Microscopy
5000x and 1000000x magnification electrons passing through an object as a beam very expensive
80
Kirby Bauer diffusion assay
Discs of different antibiotics or medicine are placed on a plate with a control (water). If a zone of inhibition develops then the antibiotic is effective.

Microbio 101 (8 decks)

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