Microbio Week 3

Question 1

Extremophiles

Answer 1

Evolved to survive early earth conditions

Question 2

Ex of extremophiles

Answer 2

Hyperthermophiles
methanogens
Halophiles
Acidophiles
Sulfur reducers

Question 3

Are Archaea more related to Eukaryotes or Bacteria

Answer 3

Eukaryotes

Question 4

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 4

1. Nucleus Forms from membrane forming around genetic material
2. Archeon engulfs ancient bacteria
3. They merge and coevolve due to having a shared benefit
4. Ultimately one can’t survive without the other (engulfed archeon forms mitochondria)
5. Photosynthetic bacteria engulfed and develop into modern chloroplasts

Question 5

Parts of a Eukaryote

Answer 5

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
ribosomes
mitochondria
Lysosome
Golgi body

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

Encloses genetic Info

Question 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 7

Protein Production and secretion

Question 8

Cell Membrane

Answer 8

PL bilayer and semi permeable

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Waterbased gell like solvent

Question 10

Cytoskeleton

Answer 10

Structural Support

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

Protein Prod

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

Energy Prod

Question 13

Lysosome

Answer 13

Vacuole water
storage of material

Question 14

Golgi Body

Answer 14

Packaging and secretion of proteins “Fed Ex”

Question 15

Pathway of secretion

Answer 15

Nucleus —> R ER —> Golgi —-> Vesicles —> Secrete

Question 16

Fungi

Answer 16

Have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin and/or cellulose

live off dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

Question 17

Algae

Answer 17

Varied contain sugars, cellulose, pectins
All algae have chroloplasts

Most are free living in fresh and marine water

Question 18

Protozoans

Answer 18

Lack a cell wall

Unicellular but can be very large with highly specialized organelles for feeding locomotion, and reproduction

Question 19

Eukaryotes have what shape of DNA

Answer 19

Linear

Question 20

Prokaryotes have what shape of DNA

Answer 20

Small circular

Question 21

Similarities v Differences Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Answer 21

Similarities: dsDNA, genes in the genome

Differences: Prokaryotes have circular smaller DNA than Eukaryotes, Eukaryotes require histones to compact their genome

Question 22

Chromosome formation

Answer 22

1. Nucleotide sequence encodes genes
2. Nucleosomes assist compacting
3. Histone proteins help DNA compact
4. Tight Coils called chromatids. Two chromatids form a chromosome

Question 23

Ribosomal Differences

Answer 23

All ribosomes:
2 subunits large and small containing both rRNA and ribosomal proteins

small subunit monitors
large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation

Euk: 80S
Pro: 70s

Question 24

Hyphae

Answer 24

Hairlike Structure

Question 25

parasite

Answer 25

An organism that lives in/on a host and derives things (ex nutrients) from host

Question 26

All viruses are blank. Some but not all are human blank

Answer 26

Parasitic and pathogens

Question 27

Obligate Intracelluar Parasite

Answer 27

Must invade host cell to make more plus release more viruses

Question 28

Components of non-enveloped virus

Answer 28

Nucleocapsid Capside (proteins) Genetic Material

Question 29

Components of non-enveloped virus

Answer 29

Nucleocapsid Capside (proteins) Genetic Material

Question 30

Components of enveloped virus

Answer 30

Envelope (made from host cell membrane) Spike proteins genome capsid

Question 31

Viral species

Answer 31

Distinct virus types that share a collection of properties such as host range, pathogenicity and genetic makeup

Question 32

Animal Virus Multiplication

Answer 32

1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Release of uncoating viral genome 4. Synthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release

Question 33

Latent phase/ disease

Answer 33

Usually little to no symptoms of a disease, but the person is still infected with a virus

Question 34

Vaccines

Answer 34

Artificial immunity, trains our immune system to recognize virus and prevent future infections

Question 35

Why drug development is challenging

Answer 35

1. Simple virus structure (hard to hit chemical bullseye) 2. Hide in host cell (Drug needs to also target host) 3. Population size increases fast (Easy for just one to evade host immune system and/ or treatment