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Biology 1 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Chains of Carbon will?

A

Form backbones of larger organic molecules

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2
Q

Chains of carbon can vary in?

A
  1. length
  2. shape
  3. number of bonds
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3
Q

Functional groups allow…

A
  1. Other biomolecules to react with one another
  2. Increase the solubility of biological molecules
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4
Q

What are the functional groups?

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino
  5. Phosphate
  6. Sulfhydryl
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5
Q

Define hydroxyls shape, ionization, and purpose

A

-Hydroxyl X–O–H
-it is NEUTRAL, meaning no charge
-molecules having O-H are alcohols

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6
Q

Define carbonyl’s shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Carbonyl shape
O
II
X – C –X

-it is NEUTRAL, no charge
-it is found at the end of carbon chains

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7
Q

Define carboxyl’s shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Carboxyl Shape
O
II
X – C – O-H
- it is an ACID, negative charge
-it loses a proton
-carbonyl and hydroxyl group combined
-O can make 1 covalent bond EXCEPTION

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8
Q

Define an amino groups shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Amino Shape
H
I
X– N :
I
H
-it is a BASE, positive charge
- 4 bonds to N, EXCEPTION

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9
Q

Define a phosphate groups shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Phosphate Group Shape
O
II
O – P – O’
O’
-it is an ACID, negative charge, the hydroxyl groups ionize at cellular pH
- the ‘ is a negative charge
-phosphates STORE ENERGY (ATP)

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10
Q

Define a sulfhydryl groups shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Sulfhydryl Shape
– S – H
- it is NEUTRAL, no charge
- form special covalent bonds in proteins
-disulfide bonds

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11
Q

Organic molecules contain?

A

C and H

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12
Q

Hydrocarbons are?

A

Rich in energy

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13
Q

Biomolecules are?

A

Organic molecules bearing functional groups

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14
Q

Functional groups make biomolecules?

A

Hydrophilic, reactive, and soluble

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15
Q

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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16
Q

Macromolecules are how many daltons

A

> 1000 daltons (1kD)

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis requires?

A

An enzyme, and requires energy

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18
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

BUILDS molecules

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19
Q

Hydrolysis requires

A

An enzyme, and uses energy

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

BREAKS molecules

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21
Q

What are carbs monomer and polymer

A

monomer- monosaccharide
polymer- polysaccharide

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22
Q

What is the bond between monosaccharides called?

A

glycosidic linkages

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23
Q

Carbs function as 4 things?

A
  1. energy source (monosaccharides)
  2. C source (monosaccarhides)
  3. storage (polysaccharides)
  4. Structural support (polysaccharides)
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24
Q

Name two functional groups found in monosaccharides

A

hydroxyl group and carbonyl group

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25
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose
alpha glucose- hydroxyl group UNDER beta glucose- hydroxyl group ABOVE remember beta= best = on top
26
What were the disaccharides to memorize?
sucrose = glucose + fructose maltose = glucose + glucose lactose = glucose + galactose
27
The disaccharides to memorize are all _____ of eachother?
ISOMERS
28
What are the storage polysaccharides?
starch (plants) and glycogen (animals in liver + muscle)
29
What are the structural polysaccharides?
cellulose (plant cell walls) chitin (arthropod exoskeletons) peptidoglycan (cell wall of bacteria)
30
Starch is what kind of glucose
alpha
31
Cellulose is...
most abundant organic compound, made from BETA glucose
32
Chitin is made from ____ glucose
Alpha
33
Peptidoglycan is made from _____ kinds of monosaccharides
Many beta
34
Are lipids macromolecules?
NO
35
Do lipids have polymers?
NO
36
What are the functions of a lipid?
1. energy source/ C source 2. storage 3. structural 4. cell to cell signaling (hormones) 5. cell chemistry (some vitamins)
37
What makes a fat unsaturated
the presence of double bonds
38
Cis- isomers carbon is on?
Same side of the double bond
39
Trans- isomers carbon is on?
The opposite side of the double bond
40
Cis fatty acids are found in
NATURE
41
Triglycerides are made of
1 glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids
42
Phospholipids made from?
1 phosphate, 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids (one saturated one unsaturated), and 1 additional chemical
43
What is a steroids structure?
4 or more rings
44
How many amino acids are there?
20
45
What are the bonds between amino acids called?
Peptide bonds
46
What are proteins 8 functions?
1. energy source/ C source 2. Storage 3. structural support 4. intercellular signaling 5. movement 6. transport 7. defense 8. enzymes
47
What is an amino acid made of?
1 amino group 1 carboxyl group 1 alpha carbon 1 H atom 1 R group (side chain)
48
What is basic and acidic in an amino acid?
amino group is basic carboxyl group is acidic
49
What are the three groups of amino acids
polar (uncharged), charged, nonpolar
50
What is primary structure? What is it's bonding?
Primary structure determines the amino acids and their order, covalent bonding between amino acids (peptide bonds)
51
How is the order of amino acid determined?
By the order of nucleotides in the gene for that protein
52
How does a polypeptide fold
in a precise way based on its primary structure
53
Secondary structure is? What are the two types? What type of bonding?
localized folding of the polypeptide alpha helix and beta pleated sheet Backbone of peptides do hydrogen bonding (amino and carboxyl group)
54
What does the tertiary structure involve? What holds it together?
Involves R groups Overall 3D structure formed Involves IMF's Hydrophobic forces H-bonds Ionic bonds Van der Waals forces
55
Why do polypeptides fold into different shapes?
Folding spontaneously based on primary structure AND environmental factors pH Temperature Salinity etc.
56
Denaturing disrupts what interactions?
WEAK INTERACTIONS ONLY (not covalent bonds)
57
What holds the quaternary structure together?
Hydrophobic interactions H-bonds Ionic Bonds Van der Waals forces Disulfide bridges (covalent)
58
What are nucleic acid monomers
nucleotides
59
What bonds happen in the dehydration synthesis of nucleotides
phosphodiester
60
Name nucleic acids five functions, what are the top TWO to memorize?
1. information storage (genes) (polynucleotides) 2. Useable energy (ATP) (nucleotides) 3. Enzymes (polynucleotides) 4. Molecular adaptor (polynucleotides) 5. Cell signaling (nucleotides)
61
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
62
What are the pentose sugars in DNA? RNA?
DNA- deoxyribose (no O) RNA-ribose
63
What are the pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thyamine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
64
What are the purines?
Adenine, Guanine
65
Are nitrogenous bases charged?
NO
66
What are the ends of DNA called?
phosphate 5' end pentose 3' end
67
What holds the nitrogenous bases together
H-bonds

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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