Exam 2- SI-1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
Def. Environment low in nutrients
Oligotrophic
Def. An organism that grows best at very low nutrient concentrations
Oligotroph
Def. Layering of microbial communities
Stratification
Def. Proportion of each species in an ecosystem
Species abundance
Def. Bacteria that grow best at high pressure
Piezophile/Barophile
Def. Total number of different species present
Species richness
Def. The microbial oxygen-consuming capacity of a body of water
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
What is the correct order of steps in reverse PCR?
I. Cooling of reaction to anneal the primers
II. Addition of primer and reverse transcriptase
III. Addition of RNase H
IV. Isolation of a target RNA sequence
V. Heating of reaction to denature target sequence
VI. Reverse transcriptase produces a single stranded DNA copy of the target sequence
VII. Addition of primers specific to 5’ end and Taq polymerase
VIII. Extension and amplification of target sequence
IV, II, VI, III, VII, V, I, VIII
What is the significance of a band located further down than another band after Agrose Gel Electrophoresis?
The higher band is larger than the lower band
Which of the following nucleic acid hybridization procedures could be used after agarose gel electrophoresis to determine if a gene is being expressed?
Northern blot
Which of the following sequences would be most likely to be targeted by a restriction enzyme?
5’-GAATTC-3’
Which of the following is not a major step in gene cloning using restriction enzymes?
A. Cut foreign DNA with restriction enzyme
B. Add vector cut with a different restriction enzyme
C. Add DNA ligase to form recombinant molecules
D. Introduce recombinant vector into host
Add vector cut with a different restriction enzyme (should be same)
Identify a trait of T7 phage polymerase that makes it useful in gene cloning experiments
A. Only recognizes T7 promoters
B. Allows for the measurement of gene expression
C. Less active than native RNA polymerase
D. Increases cellular growth and yield of all proteins
Only recognizes T7 promoters
What might be a useful reporter gene?
A. LacZYA operon
B. Luciferase
C. GFP
D. Two of these
Luciferase, GFP
Which of the following does NOT describe genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9?
A. Cas proteins function as endonucleases that cleave nucleic acids resembling
CRISPR RNAs or the synthetic guide RNA
B. Can only be used to alter prokaryotes with native Cas proteins
C. Can be used as gene drive to spread mutations
D. New DNA can be inserted at the cleavage site
Can only be used to alter prokaryotes with native Cas proteins
Though genetic engineering applications are beneficial, genetically modified organisms
may spread genes to wild-type populations with possible adverse consequences.
Which of the following represents a challenge to containment of GM organisms?
A. Self-toxins can eliminate wild bacteria, increasing proliferation of GM bacteria
B. Auxotrophs synthesize amino acids with high efficiency, outcompeting wild bacteria
C. Release of DNA from lysed cells can be transferred to competent bacteria
D. Reliable implementation of containment is difficult
E. Two of these
Two of these:
Release of DNA from lysed cells can be transferred to competent bacteria
Reliable implementation of containment is difficult
Which of the following would NOT be found during Prebiotic chemistry?
A. Amino acids
B. Proteins
C. Nucleosides
D. Sugars
E. All of these would be found during prebiotic chemistry
Proteins
What event is associated with high rates of horizontal gene transfer?
A. Biological building blocks
B. RNA world
C. Protein synthesis
D. DNA
E. Lipid bilayers
F. Divergence of Bacteria and Archaea
Lipid bilayers
The oxidation of Earth was primary facilitated by this photoautotroph
A. Chlorophytes
B. Cyanobacteria
C. Green sulfur bacteria
D. Purple bacteria
E. All of these
Cyanobacteria
The endosymbiotic theory explains what cellular aspect?
A. Lipid bilayers
B. Aerobic respiration
C. Prokaryotic photosynthesis
D. Organelles in Eukaryotes
Organelles in eukaryotes
Which of the following best describes a homologous gene?
A. Genes that descended from a single ancestral gene
B. Genes that share the same function
C. Multiple copies of a gene within a genome
D. None of these
Genes that descended from a single ancestral gene
Which of the following does NOT describe a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer?
A. Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment
B. Transfer of DNA from a viral intermediate
C. Direct injection of DNA from a donor cell
D. Genome replication and cell division
Genome replication and cell division (vertical)
Which of the following statements describes a transposon?
A. Mobile genetic elements that are strong drivers of genome evolution
B. Contain genes unrelated to transposition
C. Encode for transposase and possess terminal inverted repeats
D. Two of these
E. All of these
All of these
Identify a difference between selection and genetic drift
A. Selection involves the appearance of novel alleles in response to environmental
pressure; Genetic drift involves the loss of an allele due to replication errors
B. Selection involves a change in allele frequencies due to environmental pressure;
Genetic drift involves a change in allele frequencies due to random change
C. Selection involves a change in allele frequencies due to random chance; Genetic
drift involves a change in allele frequencies due to environmental pressure
D. Selection results in evolution; Genetic drift does not
Selection involves a change in allele frequencies due to environmental pressure; genetic drift involves a change in allele frequencies due to random change
