Exam 2- SI-2

Question 1

Def. An example is methanogens and methanotrophs

Answer 1

Synotrophs

Question 2

Def. Artificially fixed nitrogen compounds that alter natural cycles

Answer 2

Fertilizers

Question 3

Def. Oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, or nitrite to nitrate

Answer 3

Nitrification

Question 4

Def. Increases due to rising air and ocean temperatures

Answer 4

Oxygen minimum zones

Question 5

Def. Reduction of nitrogen compounds into a gaseous product

Answer 5

Denitrification

Question 6

Def. Anaerobic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen gas

Answer 6

Anammox

Question 7

Def. Earth’s surface traps long-wave heat waves, effectively making the entire planet a large greenhouse

Answer 7

Radiative forces

Question 8

Def. Released by the combustion of fossil fuels

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

Def. Remove CO2 from the atmosphere

Answer 9

Photoautotrophs

Question 10

Def. Two or more organisms cooperate to benefit nutritionally from the presence of the other

Answer 10

Syntrophy

Question 11

Def. The most rapidly transferred carbon reservior in the atmosphere

Answer 11

CO2

Question 12

Def. Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

Answer 12

Comammox

Question 13

Def. When dissolved, this acidifies the ocean

Answer 13

CO2

Question 14

Which of the following species is part of the “high-GC” phylum?
A. Mycoplasma mycoides
B. Actinomyces israelii
C. Listeria monocytogenes
D. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
E. Two of these

Answer 14

Actinomyces israelii

Question 15

Of the four major bacterial phyla, which is the largest and most metabolically diverse?
A. Proteobacteria
B. Actinobacteria
C. Firmicutes
D. Bacteroidetes

Answer 15

Proteobacteria

Question 16

Which of the following pathogens is NOT found in gammaproteobacteria?
A. Legionella pneumophila
B. Salmonella enterica
C. Escherichia coli
D. Bacillus anthracis
E. Klebsiella pneumoniae
F. All of these are gammaproteobacteria

Answer 16

Bacillus anthracis

Question 17

You are examining a sample from a patient suffering from a post-operative wound
infection. Gram staining reveals many purple bacilli with a characteristic “drumstick”
appearance. What is the most likely causative agent?
A. Neisseria gonorrhoea
B. Rickettsia ricketsii
C. Clostridium perfringens
D. Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 17

Clostridium perfringens

Question 18

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a bacteria in
betaproteobacteria?
A. Chlamydia
B. Syphilis
C. Gonorrhea
D. Nongonococcal urethritis

Answer 18

Gonorrhea

Question 19

Which of the following does NOT describe the infection cycle of Chlamydia?
A. Infectious reticulate bodies are released from a lysed host cell
B. Elementary bodies attack host cells
C. Reticulate bodies multiple within host
D. Conversion to reticulate bodies
E. Conversion to elementary bodies

Answer 19

Infectious reticulate bodies are released from a lysed host cell

Question 20

Deinococcus radiodurans is a hyperthermophilic belonging to the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum. What characteristic of D. radiodurans is believed to have originated from horizontal gene transfer with Archaea?
A. Carotenoids
B. High DNA repair efficiency
C. Ether-linked lipids
D. Double membrane and thick cell wall
E. None of these

Answer 20

Ether-linked lipids

Question 21

Archaea are a classification of Prokaryotes distinct from Bacteria. Which of the
following does NOT describe Archaea?
A. Ether-linked lipids
B. Complex RNA polymerase similar to those of Eukarya
C. Peptidoglycan cell walls
D. Ability to produce methane
E. Two of these

Answer 21

Peptidoglycan cell walls

Question 22

Euryarchaeota are a phylum of Archaea that includes species adaptive to hypersaline environments. What ion is crucial to the ability of Halophiles to maintain a normal internal concentration of Na+ in conditions up to 5.5M NaCl?
A. Mg2+
B. K+
C. Cl-
D. Na+
E. Mn2+

Answer 22

K+

Question 23

Archaea belonging to the genera Methanobacterium are capable of reducing carbon
dioxide to methane by utilizing hydrogen gas as an electron donor. What environmental
condition is needed to perform methanogenesis?
A. High salinity
B. High temperature
C. Anoxic conditions
D. Proton motive force
E. Two of these

Answer 23

Anoxic conditions

Question 24

Pyrodictium and Pyrolobus are genera of Crenarchaeota that grow in deep-sea vents.
Which of the following is NOT true of these Archaea?
A. Capable of surviving autoclaving for an hour
B. Motility via archaella
C. Growth using Fe3+ and H2 to perform chemolithoautotrophy
D. Aerobic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

Answer 24

Aerobic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

Question 25

How are halophilics, such as Halobacterium salinarum, able to produce a proton motive force? A. By reversing the action of ATP synthase to spend ATP B. By the action of a protein containing retinol C. By maintaining a high internal concentration of positive ions D. By pumping protons out of the cell using light energy E. Two of these

Answer 25

Two of these: By the action of a protein containing retinol By pumping protons out of the cell using light energy

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a secondary endosymbiont? A. Rhodophyta B. Dinoflagellates C. Euglenids D. Apicomplexans E. Stramenopiles F. Two of these

Answer 26

Rhodophyta (red algae)

Question 27

What gene is used to place eukaryotes on their phylogenetic tree? A. 16S rRNA B. 18S rRNA C. Both of these

Answer 27

18S rRNA

Question 28

Which of the following organelles would you NOT expect to find in the Excavates Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis? A. Nucleus B. Mitosomes C. Hydrogenosomes D. Mitochondria

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

Which of the following Alveolates move via short, hairlike extensions called cilia? A. Dinoflagellates B. Paramecium C. Plasmodium falciparum D. Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 29

Paramecium

Question 30

Some protists are mixotrophs capable of both auto- and heterotrophy. Of the following, which would you expect to be capable of mixotrophy? A. Dinoflagellates B. Trypanosomes C. Euglena D. Apicomplexans E. Two of these

Answer 30

Two of these: Dinoflagellates Euglena

Question 31

Which of the following is correctly matched? A. Apicomplexans - Chloroplast B. Euglena - Mitosomes C. Diplomonads - Mitochondria D. Parabasalids - Two nuclei E. Diatoms - Frustules F. Slime molds - Hyphae G. None of these

Answer 31

Diatoms- Frustules

Question 32

Def. Structure for sexual reproduction

Answer 32

Asci

Question 33

Def. Structure for asexual reproduction

Answer 33

Conidia

Question 34

Def. Structure for dissemination of spores

Answer 34

Fruiting bodies

Question 35

Def. Structure for multicellular network

Answer 35

Hyphae

Question 36

Def. Structure for absorptive nutrition

Answer 36

Mycelia

Question 37

Def. Structure for cell wall

Answer 37

Chitin

Question 38

Def. Structure for symbiosis with plant roots

Answer 38

Mycorrhiaze

Question 39

Which of the following fungi would flourish in habitats where sugars are present? A. Molds like Statchybotrys B. Mycelium like Rhizopus C. Yeasts like Saccharomyces D. Basiodiomycotes like Amanita

Answer 39

Yeasts like Saccharomyces

Question 40

Of the phylum Archaeplastida, which alga is considered “deep”? A. Rhodophyta “Red alga” B. Chlorophyta “Green alga” C. Neither of these D. Both of these

Answer 40

Rhodophyta "red algae"

Question 41

Which structure is needed for sexual reproduction in true mushrooms? A. Conidiophores B. Ascus C. Basidium D. Hyphae

Answer 41

Basidium

Question 42

What must be true in order for yeasts to produce haploid offspring? A. Two haploid nuclei from the same mating type fuse to form a diploid nucleus B. Two haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form a diploid nucleus C. Conidia form at the tips of conidiophores D. Mitosis and budding of ascospores E. Two of these

Answer 42

Two of these: Two haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form a diploid nucleus Mitosis and budding of ascospores

Question 43

Many antibiotics, such oxazolidinones, inhibit the function of the 70S ribosome. Would these antibiotics have any effect upon a eukaryotic organism? A. No because eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes B. No because complex eukaryotes have mechanisms that remove antibiotics from the cell C. Yes because eukaryotes have 70S ribosomes within their mitochondria and chloroplasts D. Yes because these antibiotics are disruptive to other organelles besides ribosomes

Answer 43

Yes, because eukaryotes have 70S ribosomes within their mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 44

Many mushrooms can be toxic upon consumption. This includes species of Amanita, who produce a-amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. What organisms would be affected by a-amanitin? A. Eukaryotes only B. Prokaryotes only C. Archaea and Eukarya, but not bacteria D. Bacteria, but not Archaea or Eukarya

Answer 44

Archaea and Eukarya, but not bacteria