Exam 2 (Slavery to the Industrial Revolution) Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
Mercantilism
A
- The first time we tried to modernize the economy
- The goal was to have a positive balance of foreign trade in order to increase the amount of gold a country had
- The more gold you had, the wealthier you were
- Needed the gold to wage wars
2
Q
Growth of Colonization
A
- Without colonies, mercantilism will not work
- The sponsor or mother country gets natural resources from the colony (indigo, hempe, wood, fur, crops)
- Colony provides the raw materials and the goods
- The taxes and the goods sold in the mother country fed the treasury for the Continental Wars
3
Q
Who controlled the slave trade?
A
- Portugal: Late 15th Century-1700
- G.B. and France (1700-1715)
- G.B. (1715-1800)
4
Q
Religious Arguments for Slavery
A
- “A positive good”: since slavery is in the Bible and therefore blessed by God is must be good
- God made black people that way. They are big and not smart and white people are smart so there is a balance
5
Q
Economic Arguments for Slavery
A
- Slavery is symbol of the Western World’s quest for success
- Without slavery, the plantations would fall and the US economy would collapse
- Since the south did not industrialize, they kept slavery
6
Q
Abolition of Slavery
A
- French: 1790 during the revolution
- Britain:
- Int’l trade in Carribean colonies in 1807
- Complete abolishment by 1833
- U.S.
- NYS: Complete manumission in 1817
- Int’l trade in 1809
- Abolishment in 1865
7
Q
Indirect Causes of the French Revolution
A
- French Society
- Economic Discontent
8
Q
French Society
A
- There are classes and there is no moving between the classes
- First Estate:
- Royals and Upper Clergy who make the rules and have privledges
- Second Estate:
- 350,000 owned 30% of the land
- Influences gov’t, law, military, and courts
- Nobility
- Third Estate:
- The common man
- 88% of the population
- Poor farmers are 85%
- Artisans, lawyer, and doctor are 3%
9
Q
Economic Issues and the Revolution
A
- Bad harvests in the mid 1780s lead to higher bread prices
- Grain prices go up along with rent and taxes
- Unemployment increases
- Women riot in the street for bread trying to feed their family. Try appealing to Marie Antoinette
10
Q
Direct Cause of the French Revolution
A
- Government and Economic Collapse
- No taxes means that the treasury has no money leading to a collapse
11
Q
The American Revolution and The French Revolution
A
- 1789: The Bill of Rights based on Locke are passed
- French officers fighting in the American Revolution:
- Ideas return to France with them
- Influence the revolution in France
- These ideas were put into action
12
Q
Estate General
A
- Is called for the first time since 1614 in 1789.
- 1st Estate: 300 delegates
- 2nd Estate: 300 delegates
- 3rd Estate: 600 delegates
- The 3rd Estate does not get an equal vote and are locked out of the meetings so they do their own thing
13
Q
Tennis Court Oath and National Assembly
A
- They meet on the tennis courts in Versailles and name themselves the National Assembly
- The oath states that they will not leave until there is a constitution formed and they are recognized as a national assembly
- Their first action is to abolish traditional privledges of the nobility and clergy
14
Q
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A
- Equality before the law
- Representative government for a soverign people
- Individual freedom
15
Q
Constitutional Monarchy (1791-1793)
A
- King Louis XVI swore to uphold the consitution
- Austria and Prussia passed the Declaration of Pillnitz stating that they would intefere in France to restore Louis XVI’s rule
- When the monarchs from Austria and Prussia sent troops to try and reinstate the monarchy, the National Assemble rallied citizens
- This led to riots toward Louis XVI who fled to the Assembly
- Louis was imprisoned and suspended
- The Assembly called for an elected assembly officially ending the constitutional monarchy
16
Q
Robspierre and the Reign of Terror
A
- Robspierre was the head of the Committee of Public Safety
- He enforced republican beliefs through the Reign of Terror (1793-94)
- Enemies of the nation were tried and convicted
- This was directed at all those who opposed the revolution
- 8% noble class
- 25% middle class
- 6% clergy
- 60% peasants and laborers
17
Q
The Directory (1795-1799)
A
- National Legislative Assembly (bicameral)
- Lower House: Council of 500 who initiated legislation
- Upper House: Council of Elders who rejected or accepted legislation
- The Directory
- 5 men elected by the Council of Elders
- Corrupt since they did what those who elected them wanted
- This was all ineffective due to corruption and since the five men had to make everything work
18
Q
Napoleon’s Public Policy
A
- Propoganda: He controls the press
- controls the liberty limiting chaos
- If someone criticized, they were thrown in jail
- Agents push policies
- Opened careers based on talent
- Before, careers were hereditary
- He believes anyone can become what they want to become
- Equal under the law
- Not equal politically but under the law
19
Q
Napoleonic Code
A
- This reorganizes and modifies the law
- Equality of all male citizens before the law
- Abolished Serfdom
- Workers are not allowed to unionize
- ID papers were required
20
Q
Napoleonic Code and Women
A
- Women acquire the nationality of their husband
- Covered by the identity of their husband and are subservant to their husband
- Women cannot participate in lawsuits or defend themselves
- adultry punishable by fines and prison
- Women cannot own businesses and a woman cannot inherit a business
21
Q
Education Under Napoleon
A
- University of France:
- A council that writes curriculum and sets regulations and rules
- France still has this system
- Military, civil servants, administration
- Only for boys
- Free schooling
22
Q
Economic Reform Under Napoleon
A
- State funded the bulding of roads, bridges, canals and RR
- Bank of France
- A few bankers control the bank
- The only band that could issue legal tender
- pushes France into a new era
- Controls the rent and bread prices
- stimulates employment
- Has goals to help France
23
Q
Concordant of 1801
A
- The Catholic Chruch is no longer the state religion
- The state will now choose the clergy and pay them
- The Church will invest Clergy with their ecclisastical power
- invest is a ceremony to say that someone is a priest and it shows the people that you are
- Clergy is an employee of the state
- Consolidation of Napoleon’s power loosening the Church’s grip on France
24
Q
Napoleon’s Military Career
A
- An officer at 16
- In 1793, defeated the British at Tulome and became Brigadeer General
- Leads the French Army in Italy and defeats the Austrians securing the conquest of Italy
- Had most of Europe under his control
- Secured Italy and Germany
25
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
* Invaded the country in June of 1812
* Pressed towards Moscow, which the Russians had burned
* After being there for 5 weeks he ordered a retreat
* When Napoleon reached Poland, 370,000 men had died and 200,000 were taken prisoner
26
The Battle of Waterloo
* Napoleon raised an army of his own after returning from exile
* He met the British and Prussians in Waterloo
* He was defeated by the Duke of Wellington and exiled to St. Helena where he later died
27
The Continental System
* Napoleon wanted to weaken the British so he blocked all British trade between Europe and Britain
* Although it did weaken the British economy, it also lead to economic crises all across Europe
28
Reasons for the Industrial Revolution
* Agricultural Advances
* Rapid Population Growth
* Ability and the Will to Invest
* Ready Markets
* New Technologies
29
_Origins of Industrialization:_ Agricultural Advances
* Plant genetics and improved agricultural methods
* This led to an increase in food production, which fed more people at lower prices and with less labor
* Make bigger cattle so there is more food for less
* Happens first in Great Britain
30
_Origins for Industrialization:_ Rapid Population Growth
* 2nd half of the 18th century
* Bigger pool of available labor for a new factory system
31
_Origins of Industrialization:_ Ability and Will to Invest
* Britain had the capital and an effective National Bank
* Many invested in shipping insurance to grow their wealth
32
_Reasons for Industrialization:_ Raw Materials
* Easily available supply of iron ore and coal
* Easily transported:
* By 1780: roads, bridges and canals
* Cotton production is immense in Egypt and India leading to undergarments
33
_Reasons for Industrialization:_ New Technology
* Before the revolution:
* Putting-out-system: When many people work together to create a final product
* After the revolution:
* Now with factories leading to more control
* Spinning Jenny
* Power Loom
* Steam Engine
* Railroads
34
Spinning Jenny
* Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764
* Allowed one worker to be able to work multiple spools at once. From 6 to 14
* Usually worked by women
35
Power Loom
* A loom is an apparatus used for making fabric using yarn or thread.
* A mechanized loom
* Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1784
36
Watt's Steam Engine
* Invented by James Watt
* Used steam at a pressure just above the atmospheric pressure to drive pistons
* 1760s
37
Cotton Production
* Increased from 2.5M pounds in 1780 to 366M in 1840
38
Railroads
* Run on coal and steam
* 1804: 1st RR, 10 tons of coal, 70 people, 5 mph
* 1830: 32 miles, 50 mph
* 1840: 2000 mi of track
* 1850: 6000 mi of track
39
The Great Exhibition of 1851
* A fair about the history of Britain and its inventions
* A symbol of the strength and wealth of G.B.
* Had 6 million people in 6 months
40
Great Britain and Industrialization
* The first to industrialize
* By 1850:
* GB produces 1/2 of the worlds coal and steel
* Others are industrializing
* By 1900:
* GB shares the world stage with Germany and the USA
41
How Britain Tried to Stifle Competition
* Until 1825:
* No mechanic or engineer was allowed to leave the country
* However, in the 1790s Samuel Slaters came to the US to help Moses Brown, a leading industrialist, start a mill
42
Europe's Growing Population
* Total European Population:
* 1800: 205M
* 1850: 274M
* 1870: 320M
43
Reasons for the Population Explosion
* Health and Life Expectancies Improve
* A better understanding of medicine and germs
* 1790: smallpox vaccination introduced
* Better Nutrition:
* A better understanding of the body
* Average Marriage Age Down
* Since men and women are healthier at a young age, the babies are healthier
* By 1850, the economy is good enough for the Western World to support a family
44
Emmigration
* Many countries are getting overcrowded so the governments encourage people to move to different countries
* Most run from oppression, religious persecution and starvation
* Irish Potato Famine
* The potato, a staple in Irish diet, is wiped out leaving people starving
* Pushed people to leave the country
45
City Life
* Thieves and crime
* Trash: sewage
* Soot, dirt
* Dark
* No police force
* Housing shortage
* Unsanitary
* Cholera, typhus and tuberculosis
46
Unemployment in cities
* Employment is high in the city
* Too many people and not enough jobs
* Emploment is unstable so many have off and on jobs
47
Prostitution
* Could not happen without industrialization
* Most women did it to supplement income or as an inbetween job
* By 1850:
* Vienna: 15,000
* Paris: 50,000 (legal, must register)
* London: Est. 80,000 (illegal)
* Did not want to be registered because of more rules and regulations. Could cost you money in the long run
