Final Exam (Ideology to the New Imperialism) Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
What is Ideology?
A
- An idea, a way of thought, a philosophy
- A theory about something
2
Q
Liberalism
A
- An American/ Napoleonic View
- Identified with the new middle class
- Equality of opportunity
- Careers based on talent
- Equality under the law
- Representative Government
- Freedom from gov’t interference
- Want a small gov’t with no business regulation
3
Q
Economic Liberalism
A
- Gov’t business regulation chokes the economy
- laissez-faire capitalism=hands off
4
Q
Republicanism
A
- Modern form developed from the French Revolution
- Elected governments without kings
- Political and sometimes social equality
- Radical Change (rebellion and change of everything)
- Stems from John Locke and arbitrary power
5
Q
Conservatism
A
- Reliance on tradition
- Reluctance to radical change
- Support traditional religious, political, and social structures
- No stepping outside of the box
- Want women to be in the home and men to work
- Vocal about what a proper woman is
- Believe if you are poor you are lazy
6
Q
Nationalism
A
- The only “good” political system was the one based on the nation
- Traditions, language, customs
- Their country has the best religion and gov’t
- Can throw off an oppressive gov’t
- Try to make immigrants be like you
- Believe that each nationality should have their own gov’t
- Dangerous: can lead to war and rebellion
- Divided people: German states should be one united people
- Fundamentally radical
7
Q
Romanticism
A
- Rejection of Enlightenment rationalism
- favored passion, emotion and feeling
- Linked with many varieties of political thought especially nationalism
- Say to use the imagination because the enlightenment made us robots
- Three Main Goals:
- Emphasized imagination of the individul since the enlightenment didnt follow imagination
- Glorify the past and dont like change
8
Q
Political Liberalism
A
- Protection of civil liberties
- Peaceful opposition to the gov’t
- laws made by an elected legislative assembly
- All citizens are entitled to equal civil rights but not equal political rights (men)
- Liberals are not Democrats
- Democrats say all have the right to vote
- 1830s: laws state that all white freemen have the right to vote. No property
9
Q
John Stuart Mill
A
- A 19th century liberal
- On liberty:
- absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all objects
- On the subjection of women:
- Difference not based on nature but societal expectations
- Believed in universal suffrage for men and women
10
Q
Early Socialism
A
- Reaction to the effects of industrialization
- Want to reform industry so that children and pregnant women arent working
- Equality in social conditions
- Human cooperation is superior to competition
11
Q
Robert Owen
A
- A utopian socialist
- A businessman involved with British cotton mills
- Believes that all humans are good
- Creates New Lanarc, Scotland
- Nobody gets paid
- He runs it his way and pays the investors using profit
- Fails because he is trying to manage it like a business
- Human nature is that if we work harder we should get more
12
Q
Italy Before Unification
A
- Italy has a bunch of small kingdoms involving monarchs, Papal rule and dukes
- Piedmont-Sardinia take charge of unification
13
Q
Camilillio de Cavour
A
- Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
- Builds up the treasury and with that an army
- One of his primary goals is to get rid of the Austrians and the French
14
Q
Cavours Strategy
A
- Get Austrians to invade the Piedmont
- This leads France to declare war on Austria
- Results:
- France gets Savoy and Nice
- Piedmont gets Lombardy
- Parma, Modena and Tuscany are inspired to rebel and join the Piedmont
15
Q
Giuseppe Garabaldi
A
- In the south, a farmer is on the rise and wants unification
- He raises and army and takes Naples and the kingdom of the Two Scicily’s
- In the end, he hands the lands he captured to Cavor and Piedmont-Sardinia
16
Q
Final Stage of Italian Unification
A
- When Cavor dies in 1860, Rome and Venetia are still needed but France and Austria are too strong
- Austro-Prussian War (1866):
- PS are now allied with Prussia
- Prussians win and we get Venitia
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
- France pulls out of the papal states
- Unification is complete in September of 1871
17
Q
Otto von Bismark
A
- Prime Minister of Prussia
- Not a nationalist but he wants unification
- Believes Prussia should rule Germany and be the strongest German state
- Wants power
18
Q
Kaiser Wilhelm I of Prussia
A
- Bismark seees Wilhelm has weak
19
Q
Bismark’s Strategy
A
- Knock Austria out of the German Confederation
- Possess Scheswig- Holstein
- Seven Weeks War
- Franco-Prussian War
20
Q
Gaining Possession of Scheswig-Holstein
A
- Get the Danish King out
- 1864: Bismark works with Austrians to create a war
21
Q
Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)
A
- Disposses Austria of claim to Scheswig region
- Dissolves the German Confederation
- Austrians go and fight amongst themselves
22
Q
Franco-Prussian War
A
- He wants to push Nationalism and bring southern states into the war
- When the Hollenzollerans are inline for the Spanish throne, discourse starts
- Wilhelm is sent to talk to the French Ambassador
- Bismark goades the French causing France to declare war on Prussia
- France easily loses
23
Q
German Unification
A
- Germany becomes unified in January 1871
24
Q
The German Social Democratic Party
A
- Political Group/Party
- Focussed on better working class reality
- Not violent; want to change through the law and try to make improvements
- Want laws that help the working class
- Want to change national capitalism
25
The Second International
* Not a labor union
* Strikes, marches, demonstration
* International Labor Day
* Through Western Europe
* Nationalism hurts the political union and causes internal stress
26
Frederick Engles
* Writes "The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)"
* Son of a textile manufacturer
* Goes to different British mills and factories and becomes a supporter of the working class
* He discussed how capitalism hurts people
* Criticism of the "systematic inequalities" of capitalism
27
Karl Marx
* Industrialization prohibited workers from building a fulfilling life
* Modern work alienates the workers from a good life
* No personality in work
* Growing Class Struggle
* Bourgeoisie: middle class
* Proletariat: poor
28
*The Communist Manifesto*
* Class conflict:
* 1st stage: master/slave
* 2nd stage: lord/serf
* 3rd stage: bourgeoisie v. proletariate
* Instability of the capitalist system would help destroy the middle class
* The size of the ruling class would dwindle and disappear
* Wage earning workers come to understand that they lacked a political voice and become revolutionaries
29
The Victorian Family
* Central to the Victorian Era
* Traditional and Conservative
* The standard of living increases especially after 1860
* Education is important especially to the middle class
* Normal schools form to teach people how to teach
* Many homes had at least 1 servant in them
* Allowed women of the house to get a break in the afternoon for Christian charity/suffrage
* The family size drops
30
Middle Class Victorian Ideals
* Women care for the home, children and husband
* Women do charity work
* No family strife is allowed
* Children are seen and not heard
* Husband is the head of the house
* A sexual double standard
* Men can do what they want but women are always supposed to be at the house ready to care for the family
31
Working Class Families
* Higher standard living
* Higher paring jobs available
* Less need for wives and children to work due to higher paying jobs
* Family size drops: more money means less children
* Some wives still work at department stores
32
Socialist (Progressive) Advances
* Unions are more successful
* child and women labor laws
* Cannot work if too young or are pregnant
* Public health laws
* Compulsory education
* In 1900: A 10 hour work day
* In 1914: no work on Saturday Afternoon
* Unions:
* Help improve the working conditions
* Strengthens family ideals when people get Saturday off
33
Education in the Victorian Age
* Western European gov'ts absorb the cost of education
* Free, public education
* Girls and boys, compulsory
* Teacher certification
* Teaching becomes a woman's profession
34
Why do governments pay for education? **(Liberals and Conservatives)**
* Liberals
* Personal and social growth
* want to extend religion into school
* Want children exposed to ethics and morals
* Conservatives
* As a way to train military recruits
* Teaching discipline and obediance
* Build good character
* Especially in Germany, increases the nations military strength
35
Why do governments pay for education? **(Industrialists and Political)**
* Industrialists
* Provide trained workers and managers
* The industrialized world is becoming more complex increasing the need for education
* Political
* Educated citizen and voter
* Patriotism and nationalism
* character building
36
Gender in the Victorian Age
* Idealized and Conservative
* Women get an allowance from the husband to buy food and pay bills
* Women are never idle
* A huge divide between home and work
* Men: conservative, sober, clothes
* Women: shape, form, and decoration mirrors function
37
Woman, Philanthropy and Politics
* Women serve the poor= exposure to a wider world
* View injustices and inequities
* Moral mission becomes a political mission
* Women realize that as they work, things are not changing
* Women want a voice in how the system works
38
German Women's Association
* Started by Lily Braun and Clara Zetkin
* An umbrella organization for other organizations
* Too many leaders that want to lead causing the organization to break apart
39
National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies
* Millicent Fawcett: middle class
* Umbrella organization for 16 groups
* Women become more frustrated
* Women plant seeds into their husbands heads. These seeds eventually make it to Parliament
40
Womens Suffrage in Britain
* Parliament is reluctant because they dont want to help the other part
* 1918: Women get the bote but only for 30+
* 1928: Full women's suffrage
41
Women's Social and Political Union
* Formed by Emmeline Pankhurst
* Going to be more militant by chaining selves to the gates of Parliament
* Although it is negative it does get the world's attention
* Emily Wilding Davison
* Grabs the kings horse during the race and gets trampled to death
42
Anti-Semistism in France
* The Jews are always put at a disadvantage
43
Edouard Drumont
* Writes "Jewish France"
* Calls them Christ killers
* Plays on people's fears of starving
* Lays the foundation for a fight
* Jews are hoarding money
44
Dreyfus Affair
* Alfred Dreyfus, a military officer, is accused of giving information to Germany
* Tried and convicted and sent to Devil's Island and lives
* General Picard finds that the filers were forged so he orders a new trial
* In 1899, Dreyfus is freed and given a promotion and given a great honor
45
Importance of the Dreyfus Affair
* France must decide on a self definition
* Are they going to practice the ideas of the revolution **OR** allow ideas of superiority
* Are they going to deny Republican Ideals
* France has to decide on the role of the Catholic church
46
The Church in France after the Dreyfus Affair
* Church says: "We have to decide if we are going to allow the Jews to control the government and the industry"
* 1901,1905 laws
* Prohibit religious orders in France if not authorized by the State
* Relgious clerics are forbidden to teach in both private and public schools
* The Catholic Church is no longer the favored religion. All religions are equal now
47
The Boer Wars
* Britain, Germany and the Netherlands are all fighting for South Africa
* The Dutch want a settlement, farming and to exploit resources
* Leads to aparthied
48
Imperialism: Spain
* Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines are given to the United States in the Spanish-American War
49
Imperialism: Italy
* The Red Sea and Ethiopia
* Want to strip the land of the natural resources
50
Imperialism: Britain
* North Africa and China
* Boxer Rebellion of 1900: against the political and religious rule
* India, Burma, Australia, New Zealand
51
Imperialism: France
* Indo-China (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)
* French Guiana
52
New Manifest Destiny: Spiritual
* God has blessed the West
* Christian Duty: "Enlighten the unenlightened"
53
New Manifest Destiny: Social
* Spread the western influence and civilization
54
New Manifest Destiny: Political
* Spread political and legal influence
* Change how things are done
55
New Manifest Destiny: Economic
* Look for raw materials
* International Markets
56
New Manifest Destiny: Military
* Naval bases to protect interests such as merchants
* Also to watch other countries
57
Social Darwinism
* "Survival of the fittest on an economic and social level"
* Allows for the justification of why one is wealthy and why another is poor
* Some are fit and some are not (ordained by God)
* Enlighten the unenlightened: White Man's Burden
* The goal is to make money to help ourselves. Do not care about the other people.
58
Imperialism: Japan
* Late 1850s we get a new regime
* Decide that they will westernize and control themselves
* Outlaw the samuri and bring in American education
* Call on the Germans for a military
* Industrialize
* Japanese become the 4th largest industrialized nation from 1860-1900
59
Steel vs. Iron
* Steel is stronger than iron and lasts longer
* Steel can be molded
* Steel can be used for ships
* Allows Germany to build a strong navy and to build infrastructure
60
Electricity
* 1800: Volta comes up with the chemical battery
* 1831: Faraday invents electromagnetic induction
* 1880's: Alternators and transformers
* Can collect electricity and transport it
* Houses get lit up but expensive
* It takes a while before electricity makes it into houses
* Allows for a more profitable business world since there can be 24 hour operation
* Leads to a different social life
61
Chemicals
* The British and the Germans use alkali and organic compounds to make:
* Paper, soaps, textiles, and fertilizers
* The Germans focus on artillery and gases and control 90% of the worlds chemical production
* The British are known for their soap (Pear and Lever)
* Cleaning agents
62
Communications
* Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
* Transatlantic Telegraph allows connection between America and Europe
* Start of the Associated Press
* Quick Transport of information
* Multiline telegraph can send information to multiple locations
63
Population in the Second Industrial Revolution
* 1870-1914
* Germany: 41.1M to 64.9M
* Britain: 31.8M to 45.4M
* Population growth due to increases in life expectancies
* More access to free clinics
* The Progressives/Social Democrats are trying to better the poor
64
Rise of Consumerism
* A higher quality of life
* People begin buying things they don't need such as the Singer sewing machine
65
The Corporation
* Workers now need professional qualifications for employment such as education
* Advancing is more difficult without having an education
