Exam 2 study guide

Question 1

what is acidosis?

Answer 1

pH is low (higher acidity)

Question 2

what is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 2

high H, low HCO3, low PCO2

Question 3

condition of metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

diarrhea (losing a lot of your bases)

Question 4

what is respiratory acidosis?

Answer 4

high PCO2, high H, high HCO3

Question 5

condition of respiratory acidosis

Answer 5

COPD

Question 6

what is partial compensation

Answer 6

all values are abnormal (ROME)

Question 7

what is ROME

Answer 7

respiratory = abnormal value is opposite of pH
metabolic = abnormal value is equal to pH

Question 8

what is complete (total) compensation?

Answer 8

pH is normal, abnormal PCO2 and HCO3

Question 9

what does uncompensation mean?

Answer 9

pH and another value are abnormal

Question 10

name this ABG:
pH = 7.20
PCO2 = 30
HCO3 = 24

Answer 10

pH = low (acidosis)
PCO2 = low (alkalosis)
HCO3 = normal
uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

Question 11

name this ABG:
pH = 7.4
PCO2 = 40
HCO3 = 29

Answer 11

pH = normal
PCO2 = normal
HCO3 = high (alkalosis)
Compensated metabolic alkalosis

Question 12

name this ABG:
pH = 7.30
PCO2 = 49
HCO3 = 20

Answer 12

pH = normal
PCO2 = high (acidosis)
HCO3 = low (acidosis)
Compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 13

function of Ca

Answer 13

clotting, muscle contraction

Question 14

function of Mg

Answer 14

DNA replication, mRNA production, muscle relaxant

Question 15

function of K

Answer 15

control resting potential

Question 16

function of Na

Answer 16

regulate extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity

Question 17

function of ADH

Answer 17

decrease urine production

Question 18

describe diabetes insipidus

-2 types

Answer 18

not enough ADH
neurogenic = not enough production
nephrogenic = produce enough but no response

Question 19

RAAS process

Answer 19

Renin (kidneys) + Angiotensinogen (liver) = angiotensin 1 + ACE (lungs) = angiotensin 2

Question 20

what is SIADH

Answer 20

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH, too much ADH = decrease in urination

Question 21

what number determines btw hyper/hypotonic solutions?

Answer 21

above 0.9% = hyper

below 0.9% = hypo

Question 22

describe hypertonic solution

Answer 22

water moves from intracellular space to intravascular space = cell shrinks

Question 23

describe hypotonic solution

Answer 23

water moves inside cell = bursts

Question 24

function of albumin

Answer 24

colloid osmotic pressure (holds stuff inside)

Question 25

describe acute renal failure

Answer 25

short term, sudden loss of kidney function, reversible

Question 26

describe chronic renal failure

Answer 26

long term, irreversible

Question 27

what are tubular epithelial cells

Answer 27

cells that make up outer layer of renal tissue

Question 28

what is acute tubular necrosis

Answer 28

death of tubular epithelial cells

Question 29

describe acute pre renal failure | -cause?

Answer 29

disruption of blood flow on way to (before) kidneys | -dec BP, dehydration, heart disfunction

Question 30

describe intrinsic renal failure | -cause

Answer 30

direct structural damage to kidneys | -dec blood supply, renal inflammation, toxic injury

Question 31

describe postrenal failure | -cause

Answer 31

affect urine excretion | -ureter obstruction, tumors, bladder obstruction/dysfunction

Question 32

comorbidities for chronic renal failure

Answer 32

diabetes mellitus (type 1 & 2), hypertension

Question 33

stages of chronic renal failure

Answer 33

``` 1- normal function 2- inc urination, decreased refiltration 3- renal insufficiencies 4- severe function loss, can't regulate filtration, jaundice? 5- affects other organs ```

Question 34

purpose of BUN

Answer 34

indicates kidney and liver function

Question 35

what are casts?

Answer 35

dead cells of tubular epithelial cells

Question 36

describe TNM system

Answer 36

Tumor size, Nodes that are affected, Metastasis to other tissues

Question 37

what is angiogenesis?

Answer 37

creation of new blood vessels that supplies blood to tumors

Question 38

example of tumor suppressor factors

Answer 38

intake of antioxidants bc they reduce free radicals

Question 39

what are tumor suppressor genes

Answer 39

stop cell cycle, promote apoptosis

Question 40

name 6 hallmarks of cancer

Answer 40

makes own growth signals, no response to anti-growth signals, apoptosis doesn't work, reproduce uncontrollably, angiogenesis, metastasis

Question 41

what is paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 41

symptoms of cancer but not cancer

Question 42

T/F: Cell thats more anaplastic is differentiated

Answer 42

false, cell that is more anaplastic is harder to tell from other cells (undifferentiated)

Question 43

classification of males for anemia

Answer 43

hematocrit less than 41%

Question 44

classification of females for anemia

Answer 44

hematocrit less than 37%

Question 45

what is B12 deficiency

Answer 45

aka pernicious anemia + mesoblastic anemia, large and immature RBCs, dec intrinsic factor

Question 46

what is intrinsic factor

Answer 46

protein made in stomach for B12 absorption

Question 47

purpose of aldosterone

Answer 47

increase urination