Exam #2 study guide pt. 3

Question 1

What is the relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance?

Answer 1

decrease of genetic similarity the greater the geographic distance is

Question 2

How is “race” a valid and meaningful biological concept?

Answer 2

-RACE IS SOCIALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE REIFY IT AND TREAT PEOPLE AS IF THEY HAVE A BIOLOGICAL RACE
—-THIS HAS LEAD TO SOCIAL CONDITIONS (DISCRIMINATION) THAT AFFECT HEALTH OUTCOMES AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES

Question 3

How is “race” not a valid and meaningful biological concept?

Answer 3

• RACE IS NOT BIOLOGICALLY VALID

- AT BEST, IT IS AN ARBITRARY SIMPLIFICATION AND CATEGORIZATION OF CLINAL VARIATION

Question 4

What are Fredrik Barth’s assertions about ethnicity?

Answer 4

(1) it does not arise from isolation; in fact, interaction between populations is necessary for the formation of ethnicities
(2) not static in terms of culture nor membership
(3) is a self-ascribed identity; in other words, it is chosen to a degree
(4) is performed
(5) not necessarily antagonistic; two or more ethnic groups can often be interdependent

Question 5

Ethnicity does not arise from _________; in fact, interaction between populations is __________ for the formation of ethnicities.

Answer 5

isolation

necessary

Question 6

Ethnicity is not static in terms of ________ nor ____________

Answer 6

culture

membership

Question 7

What is static is the maintenance of a _________

Answer 7

boundary

Question 8

This boundary is based on particular, selected aspects of culture. There is no ____-__-____ ___________ between culture (as a whole) and ethnicity

Answer 8

one-to-one correspondence

Question 9

To maintain the ethnic boundaries, certain normative behaviors are _________ and others __________… this happens on both sides of the boundary.

Answer 9

enforced

prohibited

Question 10

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Answer 10

Sex has to do with biology

Gender is a social construct

Question 11

A human with an XY chromosome is typically known as?

Answer 11

Male

Question 12

A human with an XX chromosome is typically known as?

Answer 12

Female

Question 13

A human with an XXY chromosome is typically known as?

Answer 13

Intersex

Question 14

Gender is about defining what “__________” and “________” mean.

Answer 14

masculine

feminine

Question 15

Gender is on a _________.

Answer 15

spectrum

Question 16

True or False: There are only 2 genders

Answer 16

False; There can be more than 2 genders

Question 17

What are some of Judith Butler’s main claims about gender?

Answer 17

(1) Gender is performed
(2) Gender must be constantly reaffirmed and renegotiated
(3) Sex is a social construct almost as much as gender
(4) Gender is a way of bringing our notions of “sex” into being

Question 18

What is heteronormativity?

Answer 18

denoting or relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation

Question 19

What are some of the ways that Native Americans have defined genders?

Answer 19

(1) Two-spirit or “berdache”
(2) Three or four genders
(3) A variety of possibilities depending on the particular group

Question 20

Who are the hijras?

Answer 20

(1) located in India
(2) Neither male nor female
(3) Usually born males (and possibly intersex individuals)
(4) There may be alteration or removal of genitals
(5) Seen as spiritual in some capacities

Question 21

Who are the burneshas?

Answer 21

(1) located in Albania
(2) take over the roles of males in their families
(3) can be by choice or due to circumstance
(4) have to take a vow of abstinence

Question 22

Why do anthropologists study death?

Answer 22

(1) Trends in mortality and morbidity over time
(2) To look at who is at risk (at what age) and why; structural inequalities
(3) To investigate meaning, belief, and symbolism

Question 23

Who are funerary rituals and burial practices for, and what do they communicate? What are some examples?

Answer 23

Funerary rituals and burial practices are as much for the benefit of the living as well as the dead

Question 24

What do funerary rituals and burial practices communicate?

Answer 24

(1) emotions, social connections, memories
(2) status of the deceased and their relatives
(3) are affirmation of worldviews, beliefs, the social order
(5) the legitimation of territorial claims

Question 25

What are some of the types of burials and body treatments?

Answer 25

(1) INHUMATION (2) CREMATION (3) OSSUARIES (4) SKY BURIALS AND DEFLESHING (5) SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES (6) MUMMIFICATION

Question 26

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: burial in the ground

Answer 26

INHUMATION

Question 27

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Individual burials or Communal burials

Answer 27

INHUMATION

Question 28

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Practiced for millenia in many parts of the world. Sometimes practical, sometimes spiritual, or both.

Answer 28

CREMATION

Question 29

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: often considered auspicious places to be interred

Answer 29

OSSUARIES

Question 30

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: They were often used when there was a lack of burial space elsewhere

Answer 30

OSSUARIES

Question 31

Ossuaries were a kind of “________ _____” – a reminder that life is fleeting

Answer 31

memento mori

Question 32

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Sometimes, it is important that the body is transformed or prepared for the afterlife

Answer 32

SKY BURIALS AND DEFLESHING

Question 33

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Additional funerary practices are enacted after the original burial

Answer 33

SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES

Question 34

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Sometimes, bodies are rearranged, moved, or parts are removed.

Answer 34

SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES

Question 35

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Sometimes, additional people are added to graves/tombs

Answer 35

SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES

Question 36

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Preservation of the soft tissues of the body

Answer 36

MUMMIFICATION

Question 37

What kind of funerary practices do the Torajans of Indonesia have?

Answer 37

(1) family members of the deceased are required to hold a series of funeral ceremonies, known as Rambu Soloq, over many days. (2) During this time, the deceased is not buried but is embalmed and stored in a traditional house under the same roof with his or her family. (3) Until the funeral ceremonies are completed, the person is not considered to be truly dead but merely suffering an illness. (4) Meat is offered to funeral goers (5) the final resting place is in a cave up on the cliff

Question 38

What is globalization?

Answer 38

Increasing connectedness between far-flung locales due to: (1) market forces (2) political forces (3) technology (4) communications

Question 39

How is globalization not new?

Answer 39

(1) have been around for Millenia

Question 40

What are some examples of (old) globalization?

Answer 40

(1) the spice trade (2) the slave trade (3) the colonization of the Americas

Question 41

How is newer globalization different from the older globalization?

Answer 41

(1) The degree to which it affects the common person is much greater than previously; partially due to the spread of a Capitalist economic system (2) Appadurai sees is as global flows: flows of wealth, technology, people, images, ideology (3) quicker than every before

Question 42

What is cultural imperialism?

Answer 42

The idea that some cultures dominate other cultures and that cultural domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power

Question 43

What is cultural hybridity?

Answer 43

(1) The mixing of cultures and cultural elements | (2) One culture is never completely dominant

Question 44

What are the main lessons of “How Sushi Went Global”?

Answer 44

(1) Within a generation, the global consumption of sushi connects people on all continents (2) People’s livelihoods, domestic and international policy, and environmental impacts are all affected by many different players from all corners of the globe

Question 45

What are the main lessons of “Containing Modernity: The Social Life of Tupperware in a Mexican Indigenous Village”?

Answer 45

This reflects the cultural hybridity that we talked about and not quite cultural imperialism.