Exam 3 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Define the gait cycle
A
From initial heel contact of one foot to heel contact of the same foot
- has 2 steps (L and R step)
2
Q
gait cycle can also be called what?
A
stride
3
Q
define stride length
A
distance between 2 successive heel contacts of the same foot
4
Q
what is normal stride length for males?
A
1.52 m
5
Q
what is normal stride length for females?
A
1.32 m
6
Q
define step length
A
distance between successive heel contacts of 2 different feet
7
Q
define degree of toe-out
A
angle between line of progression of the body and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
8
Q
what is a normal degree of toe out
A
5-7 degrees
9
Q
define step width
A
lateral distance between heel centers of 2 consecutive foot contacts
10
Q
what is average step width
A
7-10 cm
11
Q
define stride time
A
time for a full gait cycle
12
Q
define step time
A
time for completion of a R or L step
13
Q
define cadence
A
- number of steps per min
- also describes as step rate
14
Q
what is normal cadence for males
A
108 steps/min
15
Q
what is normal cadence for females
A
118 steps/min
16
Q
how do you define walking speed
A
- distance covered in a given amount of time
- about 3 mph
17
Q
what is the best and most functional measurement of individuals walking ability?
A
walking speed
18
Q
what is normal walking speed in males
A
1.37 m/sec
19
Q
what is normal walking speed in females
A
1.30 m/sec
20
Q
what % of the walking gait cycle is stance phase
A
60%
21
Q
what % of the walking gait cycle is swing phase
A
40%
22
Q
what % of the walking gait cycle is single-limb support
A
80%
23
Q
what % of the walking gait cycle is double-limb support
A
20%
24
Q
what % of the running gait cycle is stance phase
A
30%
25
what % of the running gait cycle is swing phase
70%
26
what % of the running gait cycle is single support phase
60%
27
what % of the running gait cycle is a float period
40%
28
what is the Rancho Los Amigos Terminology
1. initial contact
2. loading response
3. midstance
4. terminal stance
5. pre swing
6. initial swing
7. mid swing
8. terminal swing
29
what are the 3 functional tasks of gait
1. weight acceptance
2. single limb support
3. swing limb advancement
30
what makes up the weight acceptance functional task of gait
- initial contact
| - loading response
31
what makes up the single-limb support functional task of gait
- mid stance
| - terminal stance
32
what makes up the swing limb advancement functional task of gait
- pre swing
- initial swing
- mid swing
- terminal swing
33
what does weight acceptance of gait do functionally
- forward progression
- stability
- shock absorption
34
what does single limb support of gait do functionally
- stability
| - forward clearance
35
what does swing limb advancement of gait do functionally
- foot clearance
| - limb advancement
36
during gait, in what ways is CoM displaced
1. forward direction
2. vertical direction
3. side-to-side direction
37
what is the total vertical displacement during gait
about 5 cm
38
what is the total side-to-side displacement during gait
4 cm
39
what is the critical event of initial contact
heel first contact
40
what are the critical events of loading response
hip stability, controlled knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion
41
what is the critical event of mid stance
controlled tibial advancement
42
what is the critical event of terminal stance
controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise
43
what are the critical events of pre swing
passive knee flexion to 40 degrees and ankle plantar flexion
44
what are the critical events of initial swing
hip flexion to 15 degrees and knee flexion to 60 degrees
45
what are the critical events of mid swing
further hip flexion to 25 degrees and ankle dorsiflexion to 0 degrees
46
what is the critical event of terminal swing
knee extension to neutral (possibly 5 degrees of flexion)
47
where does maximum hip extension occur?
terminal stance
48
how much hip flexion is needed for normal gait
30 degrees
49
how much hip extension is needed for normal gait
10 degrees
50
what is the function of the knee during gait
shock absorption
51
how much knee flexion occurs at pre swing
40 degrees
52
where does max knee flexion occur during gait
60 degrees of knee flexion during initial swing
53
how much dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are required during gait
10 degrees of dorsiflexion
| 20 degrees of plantar flexion
54
how much does the pelvis rotate during gait
10-15 degrees of pelvic on femoral adduction and abduction on the stance limb
55
how does the trunk move in gait?
opposite rotation from pelvic motion
56
what is the trunk total excursion during gait
7-9 degrees
57
what does hip forward rotation help with
increases greater step length than that of flexion without forward pelvic rotation
58
what is the function of the shoulder during gait
- oppose sagittal motion
- shoulder extension
- balances rotational forces
59
Horizontal plane pelvic strategy
- vertical
| - reduced downward displacement of CoM
60
Sagittal plane ankle rotation strategy
- vertical
| - reduced downward displacement of CoM
61
Stance phase knee flexion strategy
- vertical
| - reduced upward displacement of CoM
62
Frontal plane pelvic rotation strategy
- vertical
| - reduced upward displacement of CoM
63
Frontal plane hip rotation (step width)
- side to side
| - reduces side to side excursion of CoM
64
what are the key roles of the hip extensors during gait
- initiate hip extension
| - prepare LE for weight acceptance at beginning of stance
65
what are the key roles of the hip flexors during gait
- advance LE forward during initial swing
| - lift LE to allow for toe clearance during swing
66
what are the key roles of the hip abductors during gait
- control the slight lowering of contralateral pelvis on side of swing limb
- provide pelvic stability in stance
67
what are the key roles of the hip adductors during gait
- assist with initiation of hip flexion after toe off
68
what are the key roles of the knee extensors during gait
- eccentrically control knee flexion in loading response
- concentrically to extend the knee
- support body in midstance
69
what are the key roles of the knee flexors during gait
- decelerate knee extension in prep for placement of foot on the ground
70
what are the key roles of the ankle dorsiflexors during gait
- eccentric to control plantar flexion
71
what are the key roles of the ankle plantar flexors during gait
- eccentric contraction moving into mid stance to control tibial advancement
72
what are the key roles of the ankle inverters during gait
- eccentric to control pronation until midstance
| - concentrically contracts to supinate the foot for push-off in terminal stance and pre swing
73
what are the key roles of the ankle evertors during gait
- active as co-contraction to counter strong inversion
74
what is the center of pressure during gait
point where all the floor-foot forces act
75
define therapeutic exercise
systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, postures or physical actives intended to provide a patient with the means to :
1. remediate or prevent impairments
2. improve, restore, or enhance physical function
3. optimize overall health status, fitness or sense of well-being
76
what are the aspects of physical function
1. muscle performance
2. cardiopulmonary/endurance
3. mobility/flexibility
4. neuromuscular control/coordination
5. stability
6. balance/postural equilibrium
77
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
| identify..
impairments and functional limitations
78
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
| develop...
goals to address impairments and functional limitations
79
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
| implement...
appropriate therapeutic exercises
80
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
| continually...
assess progress towards goals and profess program appropriately
81
what are the 4 common physical impairments managed with therapeutic exercise
1. musculoskeletal
2. integumentary
3. neuromuscular
4. cardiovascular/pulmonary
82
an effective therapeutic exercise program...
involves progressive overload and is constantly evolving
83
define strength training
lowering or controlling heavy loads (resistance) for a relatively low number of reps or over a short period of time
84
define power training
greater the intensity and shorter the time period taken to generate force = greatest muscle power
85
what component of power training is often most manipulated
speed
86
define endurance training
contract and lift or lower a light load for many reps or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time
87
what is the overload principle
load exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle being applied
- focuses on progressive loading of a muscle manipulating intensity or volume
88
in the overload principle, when you increase intensity...
that leads to strength training
89
in the overload principle, when you increase volume...
leads to endurance training
90
what is the SAID principle
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands
| - emphasis on task-specific practice
91
what is the reversibility principle
adaptive changes due to strength, power or endurance training are transient
- to maintain adaptive changes a maintenance program is essential
- detraining will occur within 1-2 weeks after cessation of training
92
what are the patterns for strength training
isometric -- concentric -- eccentric
straight plane -- lateral plane -- cutting
93
What is the ROM/flexibility pattern
PROM -- AAROM -- AROM
