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Kinesiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the gait cycle

A

From initial heel contact of one foot to heel contact of the same foot
- has 2 steps (L and R step)

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2
Q

gait cycle can also be called what?

A

stride

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3
Q

define stride length

A

distance between 2 successive heel contacts of the same foot

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4
Q

what is normal stride length for males?

A

1.52 m

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5
Q

what is normal stride length for females?

A

1.32 m

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6
Q

define step length

A

distance between successive heel contacts of 2 different feet

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7
Q

define degree of toe-out

A

angle between line of progression of the body and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe

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8
Q

what is a normal degree of toe out

A

5-7 degrees

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9
Q

define step width

A

lateral distance between heel centers of 2 consecutive foot contacts

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10
Q

what is average step width

A

7-10 cm

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11
Q

define stride time

A

time for a full gait cycle

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12
Q

define step time

A

time for completion of a R or L step

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13
Q

define cadence

A
  • number of steps per min

- also describes as step rate

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14
Q

what is normal cadence for males

A

108 steps/min

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15
Q

what is normal cadence for females

A

118 steps/min

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16
Q

how do you define walking speed

A
  • distance covered in a given amount of time

- about 3 mph

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17
Q

what is the best and most functional measurement of individuals walking ability?

A

walking speed

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18
Q

what is normal walking speed in males

A

1.37 m/sec

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19
Q

what is normal walking speed in females

A

1.30 m/sec

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20
Q

what % of the walking gait cycle is stance phase

A

60%

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21
Q

what % of the walking gait cycle is swing phase

A

40%

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22
Q

what % of the walking gait cycle is single-limb support

A

80%

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23
Q

what % of the walking gait cycle is double-limb support

A

20%

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24
Q

what % of the running gait cycle is stance phase

A

30%

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25
Q

what % of the running gait cycle is swing phase

A

70%

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26
Q

what % of the running gait cycle is single support phase

A

60%

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27
Q

what % of the running gait cycle is a float period

A

40%

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28
Q

what is the Rancho Los Amigos Terminology

A
  1. initial contact
  2. loading response
  3. midstance
  4. terminal stance
  5. pre swing
  6. initial swing
  7. mid swing
  8. terminal swing
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29
Q

what are the 3 functional tasks of gait

A
  1. weight acceptance
  2. single limb support
  3. swing limb advancement
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30
Q

what makes up the weight acceptance functional task of gait

A
  • initial contact

- loading response

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31
Q

what makes up the single-limb support functional task of gait

A
  • mid stance

- terminal stance

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32
Q

what makes up the swing limb advancement functional task of gait

A
  • pre swing
  • initial swing
  • mid swing
  • terminal swing
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33
Q

what does weight acceptance of gait do functionally

A
  • forward progression
  • stability
  • shock absorption
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34
Q

what does single limb support of gait do functionally

A
  • stability

- forward clearance

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35
Q

what does swing limb advancement of gait do functionally

A
  • foot clearance

- limb advancement

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36
Q

during gait, in what ways is CoM displaced

A
  1. forward direction
  2. vertical direction
  3. side-to-side direction
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37
Q

what is the total vertical displacement during gait

A

about 5 cm

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38
Q

what is the total side-to-side displacement during gait

A

4 cm

39
Q

what is the critical event of initial contact

A

heel first contact

40
Q

what are the critical events of loading response

A

hip stability, controlled knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion

41
Q

what is the critical event of mid stance

A

controlled tibial advancement

42
Q

what is the critical event of terminal stance

A

controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise

43
Q

what are the critical events of pre swing

A

passive knee flexion to 40 degrees and ankle plantar flexion

44
Q

what are the critical events of initial swing

A

hip flexion to 15 degrees and knee flexion to 60 degrees

45
Q

what are the critical events of mid swing

A

further hip flexion to 25 degrees and ankle dorsiflexion to 0 degrees

46
Q

what is the critical event of terminal swing

A

knee extension to neutral (possibly 5 degrees of flexion)

47
Q

where does maximum hip extension occur?

A

terminal stance

48
Q

how much hip flexion is needed for normal gait

A

30 degrees

49
Q

how much hip extension is needed for normal gait

A

10 degrees

50
Q

what is the function of the knee during gait

A

shock absorption

51
Q

how much knee flexion occurs at pre swing

A

40 degrees

52
Q

where does max knee flexion occur during gait

A

60 degrees of knee flexion during initial swing

53
Q

how much dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are required during gait

A

10 degrees of dorsiflexion

20 degrees of plantar flexion

54
Q

how much does the pelvis rotate during gait

A

10-15 degrees of pelvic on femoral adduction and abduction on the stance limb

55
Q

how does the trunk move in gait?

A

opposite rotation from pelvic motion

56
Q

what is the trunk total excursion during gait

A

7-9 degrees

57
Q

what does hip forward rotation help with

A

increases greater step length than that of flexion without forward pelvic rotation

58
Q

what is the function of the shoulder during gait

A
  • oppose sagittal motion
  • shoulder extension
  • balances rotational forces
59
Q

Horizontal plane pelvic strategy

A
  • vertical

- reduced downward displacement of CoM

60
Q

Sagittal plane ankle rotation strategy

A
  • vertical

- reduced downward displacement of CoM

61
Q

Stance phase knee flexion strategy

A
  • vertical

- reduced upward displacement of CoM

62
Q

Frontal plane pelvic rotation strategy

A
  • vertical

- reduced upward displacement of CoM

63
Q

Frontal plane hip rotation (step width)

A
  • side to side

- reduces side to side excursion of CoM

64
Q

what are the key roles of the hip extensors during gait

A
  • initiate hip extension

- prepare LE for weight acceptance at beginning of stance

65
Q

what are the key roles of the hip flexors during gait

A
  • advance LE forward during initial swing

- lift LE to allow for toe clearance during swing

66
Q

what are the key roles of the hip abductors during gait

A
  • control the slight lowering of contralateral pelvis on side of swing limb
  • provide pelvic stability in stance
67
Q

what are the key roles of the hip adductors during gait

A
  • assist with initiation of hip flexion after toe off
68
Q

what are the key roles of the knee extensors during gait

A
  • eccentrically control knee flexion in loading response
  • concentrically to extend the knee
  • support body in midstance
69
Q

what are the key roles of the knee flexors during gait

A
  • decelerate knee extension in prep for placement of foot on the ground
70
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle dorsiflexors during gait

A
  • eccentric to control plantar flexion
71
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle plantar flexors during gait

A
  • eccentric contraction moving into mid stance to control tibial advancement
72
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle inverters during gait

A
  • eccentric to control pronation until midstance

- concentrically contracts to supinate the foot for push-off in terminal stance and pre swing

73
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle evertors during gait

A
  • active as co-contraction to counter strong inversion
74
Q

what is the center of pressure during gait

A

point where all the floor-foot forces act

75
Q

define therapeutic exercise

A

systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, postures or physical actives intended to provide a patient with the means to :

  1. remediate or prevent impairments
  2. improve, restore, or enhance physical function
  3. optimize overall health status, fitness or sense of well-being
76
Q

what are the aspects of physical function

A
  1. muscle performance
  2. cardiopulmonary/endurance
  3. mobility/flexibility
  4. neuromuscular control/coordination
  5. stability
  6. balance/postural equilibrium
77
Q

when developing a therapeutic exercise program,

identify..

A

impairments and functional limitations

78
Q

when developing a therapeutic exercise program,

develop…

A

goals to address impairments and functional limitations

79
Q

when developing a therapeutic exercise program,

implement…

A

appropriate therapeutic exercises

80
Q

when developing a therapeutic exercise program,

continually…

A

assess progress towards goals and profess program appropriately

81
Q

what are the 4 common physical impairments managed with therapeutic exercise

A
  1. musculoskeletal
  2. integumentary
  3. neuromuscular
  4. cardiovascular/pulmonary
82
Q

an effective therapeutic exercise program…

A

involves progressive overload and is constantly evolving

83
Q

define strength training

A

lowering or controlling heavy loads (resistance) for a relatively low number of reps or over a short period of time

84
Q

define power training

A

greater the intensity and shorter the time period taken to generate force = greatest muscle power

85
Q

what component of power training is often most manipulated

A

speed

86
Q

define endurance training

A

contract and lift or lower a light load for many reps or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time

87
Q

what is the overload principle

A

load exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle being applied
- focuses on progressive loading of a muscle manipulating intensity or volume

88
Q

in the overload principle, when you increase intensity…

A

that leads to strength training

89
Q

in the overload principle, when you increase volume…

A

leads to endurance training

90
Q

what is the SAID principle

A

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands

- emphasis on task-specific practice

91
Q

what is the reversibility principle

A

adaptive changes due to strength, power or endurance training are transient

  • to maintain adaptive changes a maintenance program is essential
  • detraining will occur within 1-2 weeks after cessation of training
92
Q

what are the patterns for strength training

A

isometric – concentric – eccentric

straight plane – lateral plane – cutting

93
Q

What is the ROM/flexibility pattern

A

PROM – AAROM – AROM

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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